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Declaring Interfaces for Others to Implement

Class and category interfaces declare methods that are associated with a particular class—mainly methods that the class implements. Informal and formal protocols, on the other hand, declare methods not associated with a class, but which any class, and perhaps many classes, might implement.

A protocol is simply a list of method declarations, unattached to a class definition. For example, these methods that report user actions on the mouse could be gathered into a protocol:

- (void)mouseDown:(NSEvent *)theEvent;

- (void)mouseDragged:(NSEvent *)theEvent;

- (void)mouseUp:(NSEvent *)theEvent;

Any class that wanted to respond to mouse events could adopt the protocol and implement its methods.

Protocols free method declarations from dependency on the class hierarchy, so they can be used in ways that classes and categories cannot. Protocols list methods that are (or may be) implemented somewhere, but the identity of the class that implements them is not of interest. What is of interest is whether or not a particular class conforms to the protocol—whether it has implementations of the methods the protocol declares. Thus objects can be grouped into types not just on the basis of similarities due to the fact that they inherit from the same class, but also on the basis of their similarity in conforming to the same protocol. Classes in unrelated branches of the inheritance hierarchy might be typed alike because they conform to the same protocol.

Protocols can play a significant role in object-oriented design, especially where a project is divided among many implementors or it incorporates objects developed in other projects. Cocoa software uses them heavily to support interprocess communication through Objective-C messages.

However, an Objective-C program doesn’t need to use protocols. Unlike class definitions and message expressions, they’re optional. Some Cocoa frameworks use them; some don’t. It all depends on the task at hand.

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