as

The Mac OS X Mach-O assembler. See as man page.

bsdmake

The BSD make program. See bsdmake man page.

gcc

The command-line interface to the GNU C compiler (GCC). Normally you invoke GCC through the Xcode application; however, you can execute it from a command line if you prefer. See gcc man page.

gnumake

The GNU make program. See gnumake man page.

jam

An open-source build system initially released by Perforce, which provides the back-end for the Xcode application’s build system. It is rarely used directly from the command line. Documented on the Perforce website athttp://www.perforce.com/jam/jam.html.

ld

Combines several Mach-O (Mach object) files into one by combining like sections in like segments from all the object files, resolving external references, and searching libraries. Mach-O is the native executable format in Mac OS X. See ld man page.

make

A symbolic link to gnumake, the GNU make program. Note that the Xcode application automatically creates and executes make files for you; however the command-line make tools are available if you wish to use them. See make man page.

mkdep

Constructs a set of include file dependencies. You can use this command in a make file if you are constructing make files instead of using Xcode to build and compile your program. See mkdep man page.

pbprojectdump

Takes an Xcode project (.pbproj) file and outputs a more nested version of the project structure. Note that, due to how conflicts are reflected in the project file, pbprojectdump cannot work with project files that have CVS conflicts.

xcodebuild

Builds a target contained in an Xcode project. This command is useful if you need to build a project on another computer that you can connect to with Telnet. The xcodebuild tool reads your project file and builds it just as if you had used the Build command from within the Xcode application. See xcodebuild man page.

libtool

Takes object files and creates dynamically linked libraries or archive (statically linked) libraries, according to the options selected. The libtool command calls the ld command. See libtool man page.

lorder

Determines interdependencies in a list of object files. The output is normally used to determine the optimum ordering of the object modules when a library is created so that all references can be resolved in a single pass of the loader. See lorder man page.

ranlib

Adds to or updates the table of contents of an archive library. See ranlib man page.

redo_prebinding

Updates the prebinding of an executable or dynamic library when one of the dependent dynamic libraries changes. (Prebinding for user applications is unnecessary in Mac OS X v10.3.4 and later.) See redo_prebinding man page.

update_prebinding

Updates prebinding information for libraries and executables when new files are added to the system. (Prebinding for user applications is unnecessary in Mac OS X v10.3.4 and later.) See update_prebinding man page.

fpr

Reformats a Fortran file for printing by the UNIX line printer. See fpr man page.

fsplit

Takes a Fortran multiple-routine source-code file and splits it into multiple files, one for each routine. See fsplit man page.

ifnames

Scans C source files and writes out a sorted list of all the identifiers that appear in #if, #elif, #ifdef, and #ifndef directives. See ifnames man page.

indent

Formats C source code. See indent man page.

nmedit

Changes global symbols in object code to static symbols. You can provide an input file that specifies which global symbols should remain global. The resulting object can still be used with the debugger. See nmedit man page.

plutil

Can check the syntax of a property list or convert it from one format to another (XML or binary). See plutil man page.

printf

Formats and prints character strings and C constants. See printf man page.

ResMerger

Merges resources into resource files. When the Xcode application compiles Resource Manager resources, it sends them to a collector. After all Resource Manager resources have been compiled, the Xcode application calls ResMerger to put the resources in their final location. See ResMerger man page.

RezWack

Takes a compiled resource (.qtr) file and inserts it together with the data fork (.qtx or .exe file) into a Windows application (.exe) file. The resulting file is a Windows application that has the sort of resource fork that QuickTime understands. You can use the Rez tool to compile a resource source (.r) file. The RezWack tool is part of the QuickTime 3 Software Development Kit for Windows. See RezWack man page.

tops

Performs universal search and replace operations on text strings in source files. See tops man page.

unifdef

Removes #ifdef, #ifndef, #else, and #endif lines from code as specified in the input options. See unifdef man page.

UnRezWack

Reverses the effects of RezWack; that is, converts a single Windows executable file into separate data and resource files. See UnRezWack man page.

defaults

Lets you read, write, and delete Mac OS X user defaults. A Mac OS X application uses the defaults system to record user preferences and other information that must be maintained when the application is not running. Not all these defaults are necessarily accessible through the application’s preferences. See defaults man page.

gdb

The GNU debugger. You can use it through the Xcode application or can invoke it directly from the command line. See gdb man page.

heap

Lists all the objects currently allocated on the heap of the current process. It also describes any Objective-C objects, listed by class. See heap man page.

leaks

Examines a specified process for malloc-allocated buffers that are not referenced by the program. See leaks man page.

malloc_history

Inspects a given process and lists the malloc allocations performed by it. This tool relies on information provided by the standard malloc library when debugging options have been turned on. If you specify an address, malloc_history lists the allocations and deallocations that have manipulated a buffer at that address. For each allocation, a stack trace describing who called malloc or free is listed. See malloc_history man page.

vmmap

Displays the virtual memory regions allocated in a specified process, helping you understand how memory is being used and the purpose of memory (text segment, data segment, and so on) at a given address. See vmmap man page.

vm_stat

Displays Mach virtual memory statistics. See vm_stat man page.

c2ph

Parses C code and outputs debugger information in the Stabs format, showing offsets of all the members of structures. For information on Stabs, see STABS Debug Format. See c2ph man page.

cscope

An interactive command-line tool that allows the user to browse through C source files for specified elements of code, such as functions, function calls, macros, variables, and preprocessor symbols. See cscope man page.

ctags

Makes a tags file for the ex line editor from specified C, Pascal, Fortran, YACC, Lex, or Lisp source files. A tags file lists the locations of symbols such as subroutines, typedefs, structs, enums, unions, and #defines. See ctags man page.

error

Analyzes error messages and can open a text editor to display the source of the error. The error tool is run with its input connected via a pipe to the output of the compiler or language processor generating the error messages. Note that the service provided by the error command is built into the Xcode application. See error man page.

ibtool

Lets you print, update, and verify the contents of a nib file. You can use this tool to inject localized strings into a nib file or scan the contents of a nibfile using a script. (This tool replaces the nibtool program.) See ibtool man page.

nm

Displays the symbol tables of one or more object files, including the symbol type and value for each symbol. See nm man page.

otool

Displays specified parts of object files or libraries. See otool or otool64 man page.

pagestuff

Displays information about the specified logical pages of a file conforming to the Mach-O executable format. For each specified page of code, pagestuff displays symbols (function and static data structure names). See pagestuff man page.

pstruct

An alias to c2ph. See pstruct man page.

strings

Looks for ASCII strings in an object file or other binary file. See strings man page.

gprof

Produces an execution profile of a C, Pascal, or Fortran77 program. The tool lists the total execution times and call counts for each of the functions in the application, and sorts the functions according to the time they represent including the time of their call graph descendants. See gprof man page.

sample

Gathers data about the running behavior of a process. The sample tool stops the process at user-defined intervals, records the current function being executed by the process, and checks the stack to find how the current function was called. It then lets the application continue. At the end of a sampling session, sample produces a report showing which functions were executing during the session. See sample man page.

top

Displays an ongoing sample of system-use statistics. It can operate in various modes, but by default shows CPU and memory use for each process in the system. See top man page.

acid

Analyzes TT6E (but not TT6) instruction traces and presents detailed analyses and histogram reports. See acid man page.

amber

Captures the instruction and data address stream generated by a process running in Mac OS X and saves it to disk in TT6, TT6E, or FULL format. Custom trace filters can be built using the amber_extfilt.a module in <Xcode>/Examples/CHUD/Amber/ExternalTraceFilter/. Differences between TT6 and TT6E format as well as the specifics of the FULL trace format are detailed in Amber Trace Format Specification v1.1 (<Xcode>/ADC Reference Library/CHUD/AmberTraceFormats.pdf). See amber man page.

simg4

A cycle-accurate simulator of the Motorola 7400 processor that takes TT6 (not TT6E) traces as input. See simg4 man page.

simg5

A cycle-accurate simulator of the IBM 970 processor that takes TT6 (not TT6E) traces as input. See simg5 man page.

compileHelp

Merges contextual help RTF snippets into one file. This tool is included to support legacy applications. New contextual help projects do not use this tool. See compileHelp man page.

gatherheaderdoc

Gathers HeaderDoc output, creating a single index page and cross-links between documents. See gatherheaderdoc man page.

headerdoc2HTML

Generates HTML documentation from structured commentary in C, C++, and Objective-C header files. The HeaderDoc tags and scripts are described at http://developer.apple.com/darwin/projects/headerdoc/. See headerdoc2html man page.

install-info

Inserts menu entries from an Info file into the top-level dir file in the GNU Texinfo documentation system. It’s most often run as part of software installation or when constructing a dir file for all manuals on a system. See http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/manual/texinfo/ for more information on the GNU Texinfo system. See install-info man page.

DeRez

Decompiles the resource fork of a resource file according to the type declarations in the type declaration files you specify. You can use this utility to find strings for localization purposes, for example. DeRez works with Resource Manager resource files, not with nib files.

genstrings

Takes the strings from C source code (NSLocalizedString..., CFCopyLocalizedString... functions) and generates string table files (.strings files). This tool can also work with Bundle.localizedString... methods in Java. See genstrings man page.

Rez

Compiles the resource fork of a file according to the textual description contained in the resource description files. You can use Rez to recompile the resource files you decompiled with DeRez after you have localized the strings.

svn

The Subversion command-line client tool. You use this tool for manipulating files in a Subversion archive. See svn man page.

svnadmin

Creates and manages Subversion repositories. See svnadmin man page.

svndumpfilter

Filters data dumped from the repository by a svnadmin dump command. See svndumpfilter man page.

svnlook

Examines repository revisions and transactions. See svnlook man page.

svnserve

Accesses a repository using the svn network protocol. See svnserve man page.

svnversion

Summarizes the revision mixture of a working copy. See svnversion man page.

ci

Stores revisions in RCS files. If the RCS file doesn’t exist, ci creates one. See ci man page.

co

Retrieves a revision from an RCS file and stores it in the corresponding working file. See co man page.

rcs

Creates new RCS files or changes attributes of existing ones. See rcs man page.

rcs-checkin

Checks a file into a new RCS file and uses the file’s first line for the description.

rcs2log

Generates a change log from RCS files—which can possibly be located in a CVS repository—and sends the change log to standard output. See rcs2log man page.

rcsclean

Compares the working file to the latest revision (or a specified revision) in the corresponding RCS file and removes the working file if there is no difference. See rcsclean man page.

rcsdiff

Compares two revisions of an RCS file or the working file and one revision. See rcsdiff man page.

rcsmerge

Merges the changes in two revisions of an RCS file into the corresponding working file. See rcsmerge man page.

agvtool

Speeds up common versioning operations for Xcode projects that use the Apple-generic versioning system. It automatically embeds version information in the products produced by the Xcode application and performs certain CVS operations such as submitting the project with a new version number. For more information see the agvtool man page.

cvs

The latest tool for managing information in the CVS repository. (Note, this tool does not support CVS wrappers.) See the cvs man page for details. See also, ocvs below.

cvs-wrap

Wraps a directory into a GZIP format tar file. This single file can be handled more easily by CVS than the original directory.

cvs-unwrap

Extracts directories from a GZIP format tar file created by cvs-wrap.

ocvs

An older version of the cvs tool that still supports CVS wrappers. See the ocvs man page for details.

diff

Compares two files or the files in two directories. See diff man page.

diff3

Compares three files. See diff3 man page.

diffpp

Annotates the output of diff so that it can be printed with GNU enscript. This enables enscript to highlight the modified portions of the file. See diffpp man page.

diffstat

Reads one or more files output by diff and displays a histogram of the insertions, deletions, and modifications per file. See diffstat man page.

merge

Compares two files modified from the same original file and then combines all the changes into a single file. The merge tool warns you if both modified files have changes in the same lines. See merge man page.

opendiff

Opens FileMerge from the command line and begins comparing the specified files. See opendiff man page.

patch

Takes the output of diff and applies it to one or more copies of the original, unchanged file to create patched versions of the file. See patch man page.

sdiff

Compares two files and displays the differences so you can decide how to resolve them interactively. It then writes the results out to a file. A command-line version of FileMerge. See sdiff man page.

codesign

Creates a digital code signature for an application or software package. See codesign man page.

CpMac

Copies a file or a directory, including subdirectories, preserving metadata and forks. See CpMac man page.

GetFileInfo

Gets the file attributes of files in an HFS+ directory. See GetFileInfo man page.

install

Copies files to a target file or directory. Unlike the cp or mv commands, the install command lets you specify the new copy’s owner, group ID, file flags, and mode. See install man page.

install_name_tool

Changes the dynamic shared library install names recorded in a Mach-O binary. See install_name_tool man page.

lipo

Can create a multiple-architecture (“fat”) executable file from one or more input files, list the architectures in a fat file, create a single-architecture file from a fat file, or make a new fat file with a subset of the architectures in the original fat file. See lipo man page.

MergePef

Merges two or more PEF files into a single file. PEF format is used for Mac OS 9 code. See MergePef man page.

mkbom

Creates a bill of materials for a directory.

MvMac

Moves files, preserving metadata and forks.

SetFile

Sets the attributes of files in an HFS+ directory. See SetFile man page.

SplitForks

Removes the resource fork in a file or all the resource forks in the files in a specified directory and saves them alongside the original files as hidden files (a hidden file has the same name as the original file, except that it has a “dot-underscore” prefix; for example ._MyPhoto.jpg.). See SplitForks man page.

awk

A pattern-directed scripting language for scanning and processing files. The scripting language is described on the awk man page.

osacompile

Compiles the specified files, or standard input, into a single script. Input files may be plain text or other compiled scripts. The osacompile command works with AppleScript and with any other OSA scripting language. See osacompile man page.

osascript

Executes a script file, which may be plain text or a compiled script. The osascript command works with AppleScript and with any other scripting language that conforms to the Open Scripting Architecture (OSA). See osascript man page.

perl

Executes scripts written in the Practical Extraction and Report Language (Perl). The man page for this command introduces the language and gives a list of other man pages that fully document it. See perl man page.

perlcc

Compiles Perl scripts. See perlcc man page.

python

The interpreter for the Python language, an interactive, object-oriented language. Use the pydoc command to read documentation on Python modules. See python man page.

ruby

The interpreter for the Ruby language, an interpreted object-oriented scripting language. See ruby man page.

sed

Reads a set of files and processes them according to a list of commands. See sed man page.

tclsh

A shell-like application that interprets Tcl commands. It runs interactively if called without arguments. Tcl is a scripting language, like Perl, Python, or Ruby. However, Tcl is usually embedded and thus called from the Tcl library rather than by an interpreter such as tclsh. See tclsh man page.

a2p

Converts an awk script to a Perl script. See a2p man page.

s2p

Converts a sed script to a Perl script. See s2p man page.

dprofpp

Displays profile data generated for a Perl script by a Perl profiler. See dprofpp man page.

find2perl

Converts find command lines to equivalent Perl code. See find2perl man page.

h2ph

Converts C header files to Perl header file format. See h2ph man page.

h2xs

Builds a Perl extension from C header files. The extension includes functions that can be used to retrieve the value of any #define statement that was in the C header files. See h2xs man page.

perlbug

An interactive tool that helps you report bugs for the Perl language. See perlbug man page.

perldoc

Looks up and displays documentation for Perl library modules and other Perl scripts that include internal documentation. If a man page exists for the module, you can use man instead. See perldoc man page.

pl2pm

Aids in the conversion of Perl 4 .pl library files to Perl 5 library modules. This tool is useful if you plan to update your library to use some of the features new in Perl 5. See pl2pm man page.

splain

Forces verbose warning diagnostics by the Perl compiler and interpreter. See splain man page.

bison

Generates parsers from grammar specification files. A somewhat more flexible replacement for yacc. See bison man page.

flex

Generates programs that scan text files and perform pattern matching. When one of these programs matches the pattern, it executes the C routine you provide for that pattern. See flex man page.

lex

An alias for flex. See lex man page.

yacc

Generates parsers from grammar specification files. Used in conjunction with flex to created lexical analyzer programs. See yacc man page.

pod2html

Converts files from pod format to HTML format. The pod (Plain Old Documentation) format is defined in the perlpod man page. See pod2html man page.

pod2latex

Converts files from pod format to LaTeX format. LaTeX is a document preparation system built on the TeX text formatter. See pod2latex man page.

pod2man

Converts files from pod format to *roff code, which can be displayed using nroff via man, or printed using troff. See pod2man man page.

pod2text

Converts pod data to formatted ASCII text. See pod2text man page.

pod2usage

Similar to pod2text, but can output just the synopsis information or the synopsis plus any options/arguments sections instead of the entire man page. See pod2usage man page.

podchecker

Checks the syntax of documentation files that are in pod format and outputs errors to standard error. See podchecker man page.

podselect

Prints selected sections of pod documentation to standard output. See podselect man page.

java

Starts the Java runtime environment and launches a Java application. See java man page.

javac

The standard Java compiler from Sun Microsystems. See javac man page.

jdb

The Java debugger. It provides inspection and debugging of a local or remote Java virtual machine. See jdb man page.

jikes

A Java compiler from IBM, which is faster than javac for many applications. See jikes man page.

idlj

Reads an Object Management Group (OMG) Interface Definition Language (IDL) file and translates it, or maps it, to a Java interface. The idlj compiler also creates stub, skeleton, helper, holder, and other files as necessary. These Java files are generated from the IDL file according to the mapping specified in the OMG document OMG IDL to Java Language Mapping Specification, formal, 99-07-53. The idlj compiler is documented at http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/guide/rmi-iiop/toJavaPortableUG.html. IDL files are used to allow objects from different languages to interact with a common Object Request Broker (ORB), allowing remote invocation between languages. See idlj man page.

javadoc

Parses the declarations and documentation comments in a set of Java source files and produces HTML pages describing the public and protected classes, inner classes, interfaces, constructors, methods, and fields. See javadoc man page.

javah

Generates C header and source files from Java classes. The generated header and source files are used by C programs to reference instance variables of a Java object so that you can call Java code from inside your Mac OS X native application. See javah man page.

native2ascii

Converts characters that are not in Latin-1 or Unicode encoding to ASCII for use with javac and other Java tools. It also can do the reverse conversion of Latin-1 or Unicode to native-encoded characters. See native2ascii man page.

rmic

A compiler that generates stub and skeleton class files for remote objects from the names of compiled Java classes that contain remote object implementations. A remote object is one that implements the interface java.rmi.Remote. See rmic man page.

rmiregistry

Creates and starts a remote object registry. A remote object registry is a naming service that makes it possible for clients on the host to look up remote objects and invoke remote methods. See rmiregistry man page.

extcheck

Checks a specified JAR file for title and version conflicts with any extensions installed in the Java Developer Kit software. See extcheck man page.

jar

Combines and compresses multiple files into a single Java archive (JAR) file so they can be downloaded by a Java agent (such as a browser) in a single HTTP transaction. See jar man page.

jarsigner

Lets you sign JAR files and verify the signatures and integrity of signed JAR files. See jarsigner man page.

kextload

Loads kernel extensions, validates them to make sure they can be loaded by other mechanisms, and generates symbol files for debugging them.

kextstat

Displays the status of any kernel extensions currently loaded in the kernel.

kextunload

Terminates and unregisters I/O Kit objects associated with a KEXT and unloads the code for the KEXT.

ioreg

A command-line version of I/O Registry Explorer. The ioreg tool displays the tree in a Terminal window, allowing you to cut and paste sections of the tree.

ioalloccount

Displays a summary of memory allocated by I/O Kit allocators listed by type (instance, container, and IOMalloc). This tool is useful for tracking memory leaks.

ioclasscount

Shows the number of instances allocated for each specified class. This tool is also useful for tracking memory leaks.