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Mac OS X text-manipulation APIs provide basic text input and display as well as text encoding conversions, text-search capabilities, and document summarizations. These APIs also enable sophisticated typography. Developers can, for example, precisely position individual glyphs and lines of text, draw Unicode text at any angle of rotation, kern text, and activate and deactivate fonts.

A guided introduction for developers new to Mac OS X text and fonts.  
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Strings Programming Guide for Core Foundation (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to create, manipulate, and search strings in Core Foundation, and how strings interact with encodings and character sets.
Carbon, Text Manipulation Guides 2008-03-11
Core Text Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to do text layout and font-related operations using the Core Text programming interfaces.
Carbon, Typography Guides 2008-02-08
Font Handling (HTML) (PDF)
Explains the Cocoa font management system and how users select fonts.
Cocoa, Typography Guides 2008-02-08
Text Editing Programming Guide for Cocoa (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to control the behavior of the Cocoa text system as it performs text editing.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2008-02-08
Apple Type Services for Fonts Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to access fonts using the ATS-based font management API. Includes implementing the Fonts window.
Carbon, Typography Guides 2007-12-11
Text Layout Programming Guide for Cocoa (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how the Cocoa text system lays out text on pages.
Cocoa Guides 2007-12-11
String Programming Guide for Cocoa (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to create, search, concatenate, and draw strings in Cocoa.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2007-10-18
Text System Overview (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how the Cocoa text system works. Includes a tutorial.
Cocoa Guides 2007-10-02
Rulers and Paragraph Styles (HTML) (PDF)
Explains paragraph styles and how to work with the rulers that enable users to manipulate them.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2007-09-04
ATSUI Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to lay out, process, and draw Unicode text.
Carbon, Typography Guides 2007-07-10
Attributed Strings Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use attributed strings, which manage attributes of character strings or individual characters.
Carbon, Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2007-06-04
Text Input Management (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use input servers, input managers, and text views in Cocoa.
Cocoa Guides 2007-02-08
Text Attachment Programming Topics for Cocoa (HTML) (PDF)
Expalins how to add graphics and other attachments to text.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2006-12-05
Handling Unicode Text Editing With MLTE (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use Apple's multilingual text engine.
Carbon Guides 2006-09-05
Text System User Interface Layer Programming Guide for Cocoa (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to implement the main, high-level interface to the Cocoa text system.
Cocoa Guides 2006-06-28
Search Kit Programming Guide (HTML) (PDF)
Describes Search Kit architecture and workflow, and how to add search capabilities to Carbon and Cocoa applications.
Carbon, Cocoa Guides 2005-12-06
Text System Storage Layer Overview (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how the Cocoa text system stores the information it needs to lay out text.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2005-08-11
Programming With the Text Encoding Conversion Manager (HTML) (PDF)
Explains character encodings, Unicode conversion, and custom converter plug-ins. Lists encoding variants.
Carbon, Text Manipulation Guides 2005-07-07
Supporting Unicode Input (HTML) (PDF)
Introduces international text in Mac OS X and lists the tasks an application needs to perform.
Carbon Guides 2005-07-07
Font Panel (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use the Cocoa Font panel.
Cocoa Guides 2004-08-31
Text Attributes (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to work with attributes, the distinguishing characteristics of rich text.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2004-02-16
Text Input and Output (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to read and write text files in Cocoa.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2004-02-10
Spell Checking (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use the spell-checking facilities in the Cocoa text system.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2004-02-09
Text Fields (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use Cocoa text fields.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2004-02-09
Text Views (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how to use Cocoa text views.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Guides 2004-02-09
Using Ink Services in Your Application (HTML) (PDF)
Explains how Ink Services works and how to customize handwriting recognition.
Carbon, Text Manipulation Guides 2003-07-24
Understanding Text Input and the Text Services Manager in Carbon (HTML) (PDF)
Discusses keyboard input, including Unicode, and explains how events are routed and handled.
Carbon Guides 2002-12-11
NSText Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that declares the most general programmatic interface for objects that manage text.
Cocoa Reference 2008-05-06
Latent Semantic Mapping Reference (HTML)
Describes the C API for classifying text and other token-based content based on latent semantic information.
Carbon, Cocoa, Text Manipulation Reference 2008-04-08
Apple Type Services for Fonts Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for ATS-based font access and management.
Carbon, Typography Reference 2007-12-11
Font Manager Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for QuickDraw-based font access and management.
Carbon Reference 2007-12-11
Script Manager Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Deprecated - Describes the legacy C API that was used for managing writing systems. Replaced by Unicode technology.
Carbon, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-12-11
Core Text Reference Collection (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API providing text and font services to applications and application environments.
Carbon, Typography Reference 2007-12-04
NSAttributedString Application Kit Additions Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes extensions to Foundation's NSAttributedString class that add support for document types, text attributes, and string handling.
Cocoa Reference 2007-12-04
NSSecureTextFieldCell Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that implements the user interface of NSSecureTextField.
Cocoa Reference 2007-10-31
NSSpeechSynthesizer Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class used to parse text into speech.
Cocoa Reference 2007-07-23
Input Method Kit Reference Update (HTML) (PDF)
Summarizes the symbols added to the Input Method Kit framework.
Cocoa Reference 2007-07-18
CTFont Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type that represents a font.
Carbon Reference 2007-06-29
ATSUI Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for rendering Unicode-encoded text with advanced typographic features.
Carbon, Typography Reference 2007-06-28
NSFont Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that represents fonts to an application.
Cocoa, Typography Reference 2007-06-08
Text Input Source Services Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the API for operating on text input sources, such as keyboards, character palettes, and ink input.
Carbon, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-06-07
IMKInputController Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that controls input on the input method side.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-06-06
IMKServer Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that manages connections to input method clients.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-06-06
IMKServerInput Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the informal protocol used to receive text events.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-06-06
Input Method Kit Framework Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the API for building input methods for Chinese, Japanese, and other languages.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-06-06
IMKCandidates Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that supports the use of candidate windows for an input method.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-06-05
IMKMouseHandling Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the protocol used to receive mouse events for an input method client session.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-06-05
IMKStateSetting Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the protocol used to set or access state values for an input method client session.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-06-05
IMKTextInput Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the protocol used to send and obtain data from an input method client session.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-06-05
CTFontDescriptor Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type used to represent a font descriptor.
Carbon Reference 2007-05-30
Text Utilities Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for operating on strings (formatting, sorting, converting, comparing).
Carbon, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-05-29
CTLine Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type used to represent a line of text.
Carbon Reference 2007-05-24
CTRun Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type used to represent a glyph run.
Carbon Reference 2007-05-24
CTFontCollection Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type used to store a collection of font references.
Carbon Reference 2007-05-16
CTGlyphInfo Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type used to override a font's mapping from Unicode to the glyph ID.
Carbon Reference 2007-05-09
Core Text String Attributes Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the CFAttributedString attributes recognized by Core Text.
Carbon Reference 2007-05-01
CTFrame Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type used to represent a frame containing multiple lines of text.
Carbon Reference 2007-05-01
CTTextTab Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type used to represent a tab in a paragraph style.
Carbon Reference 2007-05-01
CTTypesetter Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type used to represent a typesetter, which performs line layout.
Carbon Reference 2007-05-01
NSSpellChecker Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that gives any application an interface to the Cocoa spell-checking service.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-27
NSSpellServer Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class used to make your particular spelling checker a service available to any application.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-27
NSTextView Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class instantiated as the front-end, primary user interface object of the Cocoa text system.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-27
Core Text Utilities Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text functions and data types that apply to the framework as a whole.
Carbon Reference 2007-04-21
CTFramesetter Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type used to generate text frames.
Carbon Reference 2007-04-21
CTParagraphStyle Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the Core Text opaque type used to represent paragraph or ruler attributes in an attributed string.
Carbon Reference 2007-04-21
NSLayoutManager Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that coordinates the layout and display of characters held in an NSTextStorage object.
Cocoa, Text Manipulation Reference 2007-04-16
NSTextTable Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that represents a text table as a whole.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-11
NSFontManager Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class instantiated as the controller object for the font conversion system.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-06
NSFontPanel Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that implements the Font panel--a user interface object that displays a list of available fonts.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-06
NSFontPanelValidation Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the informal protocol used to tell the Font panel to display some or all of its elements.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-06
NSInputServerMouseTracker Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the protocol implemented by text input servers to handle mouse events.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-02
NSInputServiceProvider Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the protocol implemented by text input servers to handle application and text field events.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-02
NSInputManager Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class used by text views to communicate with the text input management system.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-01
NSInputServer Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that interprets text view events and communicates them to the text input management system.
Cocoa Reference 2007-04-01
NSTypesetter Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the abstract superclass that defines the interface for typesetter objects that perform text line layout.
Cocoa, Typography Reference 2007-03-26
NSGlyphInfo Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that allows you to override a font's default mapping from Unicode to its glyph ID.
Cocoa Reference 2007-03-01
Fonts Panel Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for providing a Fonts window in a Carbon application.
Carbon Reference 2007-02-26
Multilingual Text Engine Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the C API for supporting Unicode text editing.
Carbon Reference 2007-02-19
Search Kit Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Programming interfaces that support user searching of textual content, supporting query-based and similarity-based searches.
Carbon, Cocoa Reference 2006-07-14
Find By Content Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Deprecated - Describes the legacy C API for performing relevance-ranked searches. Replaced by Search Kit.
Carbon, Cocoa Reference 2006-07-13
TextEdit Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Deprecated - Describes the legacy C API for text handling and manipulation. Replaced by the Multilingual Text Engine (MLTE).
Carbon Reference 2006-07-13
NSATSTypesetter Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes a concrete subclass of NSTypesetter that places glyphs during text layout.
Cocoa, Typography Reference 2006-07-10
NSAttributedString Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class for creating and managing strings that can have sets of attributes associated with specified character ranges.
Cocoa Reference 2006-06-28
NSMutableAttributedString Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the subclass of NSAttributedString that supports changing characters and attributes in the string.
Cocoa Reference 2006-06-28
NSString Application Kit Additions Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes extensions to Foundation's NSString class that add support for drawing string objects directly in an NSView.
Cocoa Reference 2006-06-28
NSChangeSpelling Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the formal protocol implemented by objects that can correct a misspelled word.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSGlyphGenerator Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class used to perform the initial, nominal glyph generation phase in the text layout process.
Cocoa, Typography Reference 2006-05-23
NSGlyphStorage Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the formal protocol that defines the methods a glyph storage object must implement to interact properly with NSGlyphGenerator.
Cocoa, Typography Reference 2006-05-23
NSIgnoreMisspelledWords Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the formal protocol implemented by text-bearing objects to have the spelling checker maintain a list of words to ignore.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSMutableAttributedString Additions Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes extensions to Foundation's NSMutableAttributedString class that add support for setting text attributes and making them consistent.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSMutableParagraphStyle Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that supports changing the values of the subattributes in an NSParagraphStyle attribute.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSParagraphStyle Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that encapsulates the paragraph or ruler attributes used by the NSAttributedString classes.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSRulerMarker Class Objective-C Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that displays a symbol, such as a tab setting, on an NSRulerView object.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSRulerView Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that displays a ruler and markers adjoining an NSScrollView object's document view.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSSimpleHorizontalTypesetter Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Deprecated - Describes the class used for text line layout that has been replaced by NSATSTypesetter.
Cocoa, Typography Reference 2006-05-23
NSTextAttachment Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class used by the NSAttributedString class cluster as the value for attachment attributes.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSTextAttachmentCell Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that implements the functionality of the NSTextAttachmentCell protocol.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSTextBlock Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that represents a block of text laid out in a subregion of a text container.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSTextContainer Class Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Describes the class that defines a region where text is laid out.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23
NSTextInput Protocol Reference (HTML) (PDF)
Descibes the formal protocol that text views implement to receive input from the user's keyboard and mouse.
Cocoa Reference 2006-05-23