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Leopard Technical Q&As
Apple provides information hardware developers can use to create products that are compatible with Macintosh computers and programming interfaces software developers can use to create software that drives or accesses devices.

A guided learning path for hardware and driver developers new to Mac OS X.   Essential information for developing drivers and device-access software.   API references organized by framework.
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When to use PCMCIA, PC Card, and CardBus (HTML)
HW77: Explains the differences between PCMCIA, PC Card, and CardBus.
PCI and PC Card 1999-11-15
Why did the name of the PCI bridge change? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW59: Explains the name change of the PCI bridge to the generic name "pci" in Open Firmware.
PCI and PC Card 1999-03-29
Working with Configuration Variables (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1119: Explains how to delete a specific Open Firmware configuration variable without using Command-Option-P-R.
PCI and PC Card 2002-02-13
Are interrupts enabled while Open Firmware is running? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW44: Explains that interrupts are disabled when Open Firmware is running.
Performance 1999-02-15
Bluetooth Radio Power Class for Apple Systems (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1278: Notes Preferred Bluetooth Transmitter Characteristics for products designed for Apple Systems.
Performance 2003-08-06
Determining Open Firmware configuration variables (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW56: Discusses how to determine the Open Firmware variables on a system.
Performance 1999-03-29
Determining RAM size & location in New World Machines (HTML)
QA1065: Demonstrates Open Firmware method of determining RAM size & location in New World Machines.
Performance 2001-08-01
Determining the version of Open Firmware on your Mac (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW60: Describes a method to display the version of Open Firmware on a Macintosh.
Performance 1999-03-29
Disabling Processor Cores on a Multi-Core System (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1141: Describes how to disable processor cores on a multi-core system for testing purposes.
Performance 2008-09-16
Displaying PCI Configuration Registers contents in Open Firmware (HTML)
QA1036: Demonstrates how to display PCI Configuration Resister contents in Open Firmware.
Performance 2001-05-18
DRAM DIMM power pin connections for Macintosh Computers (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1271: Discusses design considerations for DRAM DIMM power pin connections for Macintosh Computers.
Performance 2003-07-04
Empty Memory Objects (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1259: Describes how two memory management edge cases are handled by the common Mac OS memory allocators.
Performance 2003-04-21
Energy Star PCI Device (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1108: Provides useful information for developers of Energy Star-compliant PCI devices.
Performance 2002-01-15
Explanation of SDRAM configuration Nomenclature (HTML)
HW75: Explains the three-part "Device configuration" numbers for SDRAM in the Power Mac G4 Computer Developer Note.
Performance 1999-10-18
Faster DDR DRAM in the 867MHz Power Mac G4 (Mirrored Drive Doors) (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1191: Confirms the use of faster DDR DRAM in the 867MHz Power Mac G4 (Mirrored Drive Doors).
Performance 2002-08-19
Generating a Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1264: Explains how to generate a non-maskable interrupt (NMI) on modern Macintosh systems.
Performance 2008-10-13
How can I tell if a PCI device has on board I/O space? (HTML)
QA1287: Demonstrates "how to" tell if a PCI device has on board I/O space.
Performance 2003-09-24
How do I change the numeric base for the Open Firmware user interface? (HTML)
HW66: Explains how to change the numeric base for the Open Firmware user interface.
Performance 1999-10-11
How do I determine the top of the Open Firmware dictionary? (HTML)
HW69: Explains how to determine the top of the Open Firmware dictionary.
Performance 1999-10-11
Installing an I/O Kit KEXT Without Rebooting (HTML)
QA1319: Describes the state of the art of installing I/O Kit kernel extensions (KEXTs) without requiring a restart.
Performance 2003-10-28
IOKit Framework Headers (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1107: Describes the differences between the headers in IOKit.framework and the I/O Kit headers in Kernel.framework.
Performance 2002-01-15
Is the Open Firmware device tree object oriented? (HTML)
HW80: Discusses the object-oriented attributes of the Open Firmware device tree.
Performance 1999-11-15
Menu Bar Clock and NVRAM (HTML)
QA1102: Explains why booting with the Command-Option-P-R keys doesn't reset date and time preferences.
Performance 2001-12-21
Open Firmware version number (HTML)
HW96: Discusses the unique values of Open Firmware version numbers.
Performance 2000-09-22
OTScheduleDeferredTask When Task Running (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
NW52: Describes what happens when you use OTScheduleDefferedTask to schedule a task that is running.
Performance 1997-10-13
The "packages" node in the device tree (HTML)
HW90: Describes the "packages" node in the Open Firmware device tree.
Performance 2006-02-22
PC100 SDRAM DIMMs on the Flat Panel iMac (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1130: Describes PC100 SDRAM DIMM limitations on the "original " Flat Panel iMac.
Performance 2002-03-18
PCI class codes (HTML)
HW91: Explains why PCI class codes are important.
Performance 2000-09-05
PCI Header types (HTML)
HW78: Describes the three required types of PCI headers to be provided in its configuration header space.
Performance 1999-11-15
PCI Macintoshes and CardBus controllers (HTML)
HW87: Explains why older PCI Macintoshes do not recognize a Cardbus controller.
Performance 2000-09-05
Power adapter Sensing for the 17" PowerBook (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1266: Details Design and detection considerations for 17-inch PowerBook power adapters
Performance 2003-06-12
Resetting NVRAM to factory defaults (HTML)
QA1103: Describes what happens when you boot holding the Command-Option-P-R keys.
Performance 2001-12-21
Sample code for allocating an amount of dictionary space (HTML)
HW71: Discusses the allocation and the setting of memory for Dictionary space in Open Firmware.
Performance 1999-10-11
A SCSI little secret (HTML)
HW81: Details what to expect when accessing the motherboard SCSI bus on the Blue & White G3.
Performance 1999-12-20
SDRAM Problems With Self-Powered USB Devices (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW82: Alerts that non-compliant, self-powered USB devices plugged into a G4, can cause problems with low-voltage-sensitive SDRAM .
Performance 2003-08-21
SDRAM, CAS Latency for the (HTML)
QA1071: Describes the supported CAS Latency values for the "QuickSilver", PowerMac G4 CPUs.
Performance 2001-09-13
Sleep vs. Doze on Mac OS X (HTML)
QA1309: Discusses and demonstrates sleep versus doze detection on Machintosh Mac OS X
Performance 2003-10-09
Stopping Forth command scrolls (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW57: Describes how to limit Forth commands from scrolling off the screen.
Performance 1999-03-29
What is the "dump" word and how do I use it? (HTML)
HW68: Describes the function of the Open Firmware word "dump" and how it can be used.
Performance 1999-10-11
What is the word "see" and how do I use it to help me find what a word does? (HTML)
HW72: Explains the function and use of the Open Firmware word "see".
Performance 1999-10-11
What numeric base is the default for the Open Firmware user interface? (HTML)
HW65: Describes how the default numeric base used by the Open Firmware user interface is hexadecimal.
Performance 1999-10-11
Which Machines Support Driver Services Library and the MP Nanokernel? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW63: Lists the systems that do and don't support the Driver Services Library and the MP Nanokernel.
Performance 1999-07-12
Why did the name of the PCI bridge change? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW59: Explains the name change of the PCI bridge to the generic name "pci" in Open Firmware.
Performance 1999-03-29
Are interrupts enabled while Open Firmware is running? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW44: Explains that interrupts are disabled when Open Firmware is running.
Printing 1999-02-15
Are the Name Registry device tree nodes unique? (HTML)
Deprecated - HW64: Discusses whether Name Registry nodes copied from the Open Firmware device tree are unique.
Printing 1999-10-11
Checking for the Printer Driver (HTML)
Deprecated - DV42: Describes a legacy Mac OS technique avoiding system hangs when using serial drivers on USB systems.
Printing 2000-06-19
Determining Open Firmware configuration variables (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW56: Discusses how to determine the Open Firmware variables on a system.
Printing 1999-03-29
Expansion ROM device properties (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW50: Describes the Open Firmware properties that should be included in a boot device's expansion ROM.
Printing 1999-03-29
Generating a Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1264: Explains how to generate a non-maskable interrupt (NMI) on modern Macintosh systems.
Printing 2008-10-13
IODeviceTree and the I/O Registry (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1120: Describes the IODeviceTree plane in the Mac OS X I/O Registry.
Printing 2008-09-18
IOKit Framework Headers (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1107: Describes the differences between the headers in IOKit.framework and the I/O Kit headers in Kernel.framework.
Printing 2002-01-15
Is the Open Firmware device tree object oriented? (HTML)
HW80: Discusses the object-oriented attributes of the Open Firmware device tree.
Printing 1999-11-15
New PPD keywords available in Mac OS X version 10.3 (HTML)
QA1352: Describes the new PPD keywords available for CUPS filters in Mac OS X 10.3.
Printing 2004-05-26
The "packages" node in the device tree (HTML)
HW90: Describes the "packages" node in the Open Firmware device tree.
Printing 2006-02-22
PCI Type 1 Cycles (HTML)
HW26: Describes the circumstances when the PowerMac generates a Configuration Type 1 command.
Printing 1995-07-15
Power Management; Policy Maker vs. Power Controller (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1121: Describes the differences between a Power Management Policy Maker and a Power Management Power Controller.
Printing 2002-02-13
Retain Counts of io_object_t Objects in IOKit.framework (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1195: Distinguishes between the retain counts of an I/O Kit kernel object and its io_object_t user space proxy.
Printing 2008-09-24
Sample code for allocating an amount of dictionary space (HTML)
HW71: Discusses the allocation and the setting of memory for Dictionary space in Open Firmware.
Printing 1999-10-11
What is the "dump" word and how do I use it? (HTML)
HW68: Describes the function of the Open Firmware word "dump" and how it can be used.
Printing 1999-10-11
What numeric base is the default for the Open Firmware user interface? (HTML)
HW65: Describes how the default numeric base used by the Open Firmware user interface is hexadecimal.
Printing 1999-10-11
Why did the name of the PCI bridge change? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW59: Explains the name change of the PCI bridge to the generic name "pci" in Open Firmware.
Printing 1999-03-29
Why does logging keep my Printer Module from working? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
Deprecated - QA1182: Describes some problems with standard printf logging in a Printer Module on Jaguar.
Printing 2002-11-06
Why don't all of my PDE localizations show up in all applications? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1185: Explains why some PDE localizations might not appear in all applications.
Printing 2002-10-16
Are interrupts enabled while Open Firmware is running? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW44: Explains that interrupts are disabled when Open Firmware is running.
QuickTime 1999-02-15
Available FireWire Isochronous Bandwidth (HTML)
QA1356: Discusses attempting to "pre-flight" an isochronous bandwidth allocation request by reading the currently available bandwidth.
QuickTime 2004-07-07
Determining Open Firmware configuration variables (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW56: Discusses how to determine the Open Firmware variables on a system.
QuickTime 1999-03-29
Expansion ROM device properties (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW50: Describes the Open Firmware properties that should be included in a boot device's expansion ROM.
QuickTime 1999-03-29
Generating a Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1264: Explains how to generate a non-maskable interrupt (NMI) on modern Macintosh systems.
QuickTime 2008-10-13
Installing an I/O Kit KEXT Without Rebooting (HTML)
QA1319: Describes the state of the art of installing I/O Kit kernel extensions (KEXTs) without requiring a restart.
QuickTime 2003-10-28
IOKit Framework Headers (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1107: Describes the differences between the headers in IOKit.framework and the I/O Kit headers in Kernel.framework.
QuickTime 2002-01-15
Is the Open Firmware device tree object oriented? (HTML)
HW80: Discusses the object-oriented attributes of the Open Firmware device tree.
QuickTime 1999-11-15
iSight - Configuring gain settings for IIDC cameras (HTML)
QA1421: Discusses how to configure features of IIDC cameras, specifically gain for the iSight
QuickTime 2005-04-06
Legacy Devices (HTML)
HW84: Discusses why legacy devices with hard-wired I/O addresses may not work properly with Open Firmware.
QuickTime 2000-03-20
The "packages" node in the device tree (HTML)
HW90: Describes the "packages" node in the Open Firmware device tree.
QuickTime 2006-02-22
Sample code for allocating an amount of dictionary space (HTML)
HW71: Discusses the allocation and the setting of memory for Dictionary space in Open Firmware.
QuickTime 1999-10-11
Sequence Grabber - Determining the capture resolution of an IIDC device (HTML)
QA1403: Discusses how to determine the resolution of a captured image from an IIDC device
QuickTime 2005-01-06
What are configuration variables in Open Firmware? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW38: Defines the configuration variables in Open Firmware.
QuickTime 1999-02-15
What is the "dump" word and how do I use it? (HTML)
HW68: Describes the function of the Open Firmware word "dump" and how it can be used.
QuickTime 1999-10-11
What numeric base is the default for the Open Firmware user interface? (HTML)
HW65: Describes how the default numeric base used by the Open Firmware user interface is hexadecimal.
QuickTime 1999-10-11
Why did the name of the PCI bridge change? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW59: Explains the name change of the PCI bridge to the generic name "pci" in Open Firmware.
QuickTime 1999-03-29
Allocating and sharing memory with user space from an I/O Kit driver (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1197: Describes the preferred technique for allocating and sharing buffers in an I/O Kit kernel driver.
Scanners 2008-10-13
Are interrupts enabled while Open Firmware is running? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW44: Explains that interrupts are disabled when Open Firmware is running.
Scanners 1999-02-15
Determining Open Firmware configuration variables (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW56: Discusses how to determine the Open Firmware variables on a system.
Scanners 1999-03-29
Expansion ROM device properties (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW50: Describes the Open Firmware properties that should be included in a boot device's expansion ROM.
Scanners 1999-03-29
Generating a Non-Maskable Interrupt (NMI) (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1264: Explains how to generate a non-maskable interrupt (NMI) on modern Macintosh systems.
Scanners 2008-10-13
IODeviceTree and the I/O Registry (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1120: Describes the IODeviceTree plane in the Mac OS X I/O Registry.
Scanners 2008-09-18
IOKit Framework Headers (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1107: Describes the differences between the headers in IOKit.framework and the I/O Kit headers in Kernel.framework.
Scanners 2002-01-15
Is the Open Firmware device tree object oriented? (HTML)
HW80: Discusses the object-oriented attributes of the Open Firmware device tree.
Scanners 1999-11-15
The "packages" node in the device tree (HTML)
HW90: Describes the "packages" node in the Open Firmware device tree.
Scanners 2006-02-22
PCI Type 1 Cycles (HTML)
HW26: Describes the circumstances when the PowerMac generates a Configuration Type 1 command.
Scanners 1995-07-15
Power Management; Policy Maker vs. Power Controller (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1121: Describes the differences between a Power Management Policy Maker and a Power Management Power Controller.
Scanners 2002-02-13
Retain Counts of io_object_t Objects in IOKit.framework (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1195: Distinguishes between the retain counts of an I/O Kit kernel object and its io_object_t user space proxy.
Scanners 2008-09-24
Sample code for allocating an amount of dictionary space (HTML)
HW71: Discusses the allocation and the setting of memory for Dictionary space in Open Firmware.
Scanners 1999-10-11
Sending SCSI or ATA commands to storage devices (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1179: Explains that Mac OS X does not implement SCSI or ATA pass-through for many mass storage devices.
Scanners 2005-05-10
What are configuration variables in Open Firmware? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW38: Defines the configuration variables in Open Firmware.
Scanners 1999-02-15
What is the "dump" word and how do I use it? (HTML)
HW68: Describes the function of the Open Firmware word "dump" and how it can be used.
Scanners 1999-10-11
What numeric base is the default for the Open Firmware user interface? (HTML)
HW65: Describes how the default numeric base used by the Open Firmware user interface is hexadecimal.
Scanners 1999-10-11
Why did the name of the PCI bridge change? (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
HW59: Explains the name change of the PCI bridge to the generic name "pci" in Open Firmware.
Scanners 1999-03-29
Adding dependencies with kmodload (HTML)
QA1097: Illustrates how to specify dependencies when using kmodload.
SCSI 2001-12-05
Allocating and sharing memory with user space from an I/O Kit driver (HTML) (日本語 HTML)
QA1197: Describes the preferred technique for allocating and sharing buffers in an I/O Kit kernel driver.
SCSI 2008-10-13