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Inside Macintosh: PowerPC Numerics


Index

[']

!< (not less than) operator
!<= (not less than or equal) operator
!<> (not less or greater than) operator
!<>= (unordered) operator
!= (not equal) operator
!> (not greater than) operator
!>= (not greater than or equal) operator
* (multiply) operator [1]
+ (plus) operator [1]
/ (divide) operator [1] [2]
680x0-based Macintosh computers
    numerics environment [1]
    porting from [1]
8087 coprocessor
< (less than) operator
    assembler [1] [2]
    defined
<= (less than or equal to) operator
<> (less or greater than) operator
<>= (ordered) operator
== (equal to) operator
    assembler [1] [2]
    defined
> (greater than) operator
    assembler [1] [2]
    defined
>= (greater than or equal to) operator

A

absolute value
    assembler
    compiler
accessing the environment
    assembler instructions [1]
    C functions
    C functions, prerequisite [1]
accuracy
    decimal to binary conversions [1]
    of basic arithmetic operations
acos function
acosh function
addition [1]
    assembler
    invalid exception, generating
address mode
AINT
annuity function
ANSI X3J11.1 [1]
antilog functions. See exponential functions
APDA
arc cosine
arc cosine, hyperbolic
arc sine
arc sine, hyperbolic
arc tangent [1] [2]
arc tangent, hyperbolic
argument reduction [1] [2]
arithmetic assembler instructions
arithmetic operations [1]
    addition [1]
    assembler
    automatic type conversions [1]
    division [1]
    multiplication [1]
    remainder
    round-to-integer [1]
    square root [1]
    subtraction [1]
arithmetic, IEEE standard [1] [2]
asin function
asinh function
assembler [1]
    conversions [1]
    data formats [1]
    environmental access [1]
    operations supported [1]
atan function
atan2 function
atanh function
atomic operations
auxiliary functions [1]
    assembler [1]
    exponent field, return
    nan function
    nextafter functions
    scaling
    sign manipulation

B

base 2 exponential
BASIC
beq assembler instruction
bge assembler instruction
bgt assembler instruction
bias of exponents [1]
binary logarithm
binary to decimal conversions [1]
    C functions
    double-double format [1]
    strings [1]
    structures [1] [2]
ble assembler instruction
blt assembler instruction
bne assembler instruction
bng assembler instruction
bnl assembler instruction
bnu assembler instruction
branch assembler instructions [1]
bta assembler instruction
bun assembler instruction

C

C language
    compilers, FPCE recommendations for [1]
    conformance to IEEE 754 [1]
    constants, floating-point [1] [2]
    conversions [1]
    data types, new [1]
    double type. See double format
    environmental controls [1]
    expression evaluation [1]
    float type. See single format
    function calls,  conversions during [1]
    long double type. See double-double format
    transcendental functions [1]
CDC computers
ceil function
classcomp SANE function
classdouble SANE function
classes of floating-point numbers [1]
    assembler [1]
    compiler [1]
classextended SANE function
classfloat SANE function
common logarithm
comp data type (porting) [1]
comparison functions
comparison operations. See comparisons
comparison operators [1]
comparisons [1]
    assembler (branch instructions)
    assembler instructions
    C functions
    invalid exception, generating
    involving Infinities [1]
    involving NaNs [1]
compatibility across architectures [1]
compiler optimizations
    and evaluation of floating-point constant expressions [1]
    and floating-point environment [1]
    and widest-need evaluation [1]
complementary error function
compound function
computer approximation of real numbers [1]
Condition Register [1] [2]
constants, floating-point
    evaluation [1]
    hexadecimal
contraction operators [1]
controlling the environment
    assembler instructions [1]
    C functions [1]
conversions [1]
    accuracy of decimal to binary [1]
    assembler [1]
    between decimal formats [1] [2]
    between floating-point formats [1] [2] [3]
    binary to decimal [1] [2]
    C functions [1]
    ceil function
    decimal to binary [1]
      C functions
      double-double format [1]
    double-double to decimal [1]
    during expression evaluation [1]
    floating-point to integer [1] [2] [3] [4]
    floor function
    inexact exception
    integer to floating-point [1] [2] [3]
    invalid exception [1] [2]
    nearbyint function
    overflow exception
    rint function [1]
    rinttol function
    round function
    roundtol function
    SANE [1]
    trunc function
    underflow exception
copysign function
    invalid exception
    SANE
cos function
cosh function
cosine
cosine, hyperbolic
CR. See Condition Register
Cray computers
current rounding direction [1]
    nearbyint function
    rint function [1]
    rinttol function

D

data formats [1]
    assembler [1]
    choosing [1]
    classes of numbers [1]
      assembler [1]
      compiler [1]
    compiler [1]
    converting between [1] [2] [3]
    diagrams [1]
    diagrams, symbols used in
    double format [1]
    double-double format [1]
    expression evaluation format [1]
    minimum evaluation format [1] [2]
    precision of [1]
    range of [1]
    SANE [1] [2]
    semantic type
    single format [1]
    widening for efficiency [1] [2]
dec2f function
dec2l function
dec2num function
dec2numl function
dec2s function
dec2str function
decform structure
    definition [1]
    digits field [1] [2]
    style field [1]
decimal data, reading and writing [1]
decimal formatting structure [1] [2]
decimal fractions [1]
decimal output
    fixed-style [1]
    floating-style
decimal strings [1]
decimal structure [1] [2]
    definition [1]
    exp field [1] [2]
    sgn field [1] [2]
    sig field [1] [2]
decimal to binary conversions [1]
    C functions
    double-double format [1]
    strings [1]
    structures [1] [2]
decimal to decimal conversions [1] [2]
DECIMAL_DIG constant
default environment [1]
default rounding direction [1]
denormalized numbers
    density of
    double-double format
    SANE [1]
DENORMALNUM SANE constant
density of denormalized numbers
density of single-precision numbers
difference operation
    assembler
    defined [1]
difference, positive function
DIVBYZERO SANE constant
divide-by-zero exception
    assembler
    defined [1]
division [1]
    assembler
    by zero
    invalid exception, generating
double format [1]
    as minimum evaluation format [1] [2]
    compiler [1] [2]
    converting from double-double format [1]
    converting from single format
      assembler [1]
      defined [1]
    converting to double-double format [1]
    converting to single format
      assembler [1]
      defined [1]
    diagram
    diagram, symbols used in
    precision
    range
    representation of values
double type. See double format
double-double format [1]
    as minimum evaluation format [1]
    compared to extended format [1]
    compiler [1] [2]
    converting from double format [1]
    converting from single format [1]
    converting to decimal [1]
    converting to double format [1]
    converting to single format [1]
    diagram
    diagram, symbols used in
    interpretation of values [1]
    precision [1] [2]
    range
DOUBLE_SIZE macro
double_t typedef [1]
    for compatibility [1]
    in transcendental function declarations
downward rounding
    defined [1]
    floor function
DOWNWARD SANE constant

E

elementary functions. See transcendental functions
environment [1]
    accessing
      assembler instructions [1]
      C functions
      C functions prerequisite [1]
    assembler [1]
    C functions, types [1]
    default [1]
    ignoring
    restoring
      assembler [1]
      compiler [1] [2]
    SANE [1]
    saving
      assembler [1]
      compiler [1] [2]
    setting (compiler)
    use
environment SANE type
environmental access switch
    defined [1]
    purpose, note on
environmental controls [1]
    assembler instructions [1]
    C functions [1]
    SANE [1]
erf function
erfc function
error functions
evaluation format [1]
    minimum [1] [2]
    widest need [1]
evaluation rules
exception handling [1]
exception SANE type
exceptional events [1]
exceptions [1]
    assembler instructions
    C functions
    clearing
      assembler [1]
      compiler [1] [2]
    descriptions of [1]
    divide-by-zero [1]
    enabling and disabling (assembler) [1]
    in Condition Register
    inexact [1]
    invalid [1]
    overflow [1]
    preserving
      assembler [1]
      compiler [1] [2]
    raising
      assembler [1]
      compiler
    restoring (compiler)
    saving
      assembler [1]
      compiler [1] [2]
    setting
      assembler [1]
      compiler [1] [2]
    testing
      assembler
      compiler
    underflow [1]
exp function
exp1 SANE function
exp2 function
expm1 function
exponent
    defined
    determining value of [1] [2]
exponential functions
    base 2 exponential
    natural exponential
    natural exponential \xC7 1
expression evaluation format [1]
expression evaluation methods [1]
    compared [1]
    compiler [1]
    examples [1]
    floating-point constants [1]
    minimum evaluation format only [1] [2]
    SANE [1]
    widest-need evaluation [1] [2]
extended data type [1]
    compared to double-double format [1]
    in definitions of float_t and double_t [1]
    in transcendental function declarations

F

fabs assembler instruction
fabs function [1] [2]
fadd assembler instruction
fcmpo assembler instruction
fcmpu assembler instruction
fctiw assembler instruction [1]
fctiwz assembler instruction [1]
fdim function
fdiv assembler instruction
feclearexcept function
fegetenv function
    definition
fegetexcept function
    definition
    with fesetexcept function
fegetround function
    definition
    with fesetround function
feholdexcept function
fenv.h file [1] [2]
fenv_access pragma option [1]
fenv_t type [1]
feraiseexcept function
fesetenv function
fesetexcept function
fesetround function
fetestexcept function
feupdateenv function
    definition
    with feholdexcept function [1]
fexcept_t type [1]
FE_ALL_EXCEPT constant [1]
FE_DFL_ENV constant [1]
FE_DIVBYZERO constant
FE_DOWNWARD constant
FE_INEXACT constant
FE_INVALID constant
FE_OVERFLOW constant
FE_TONEAREST constant
FE_TOWARDZERO constant
FE_UNDERFLOW constant
FE_UPWARD constant
financial functions
float type. See single format
floating-point constants
    evaluation [1]
    hexadecimal
floating-point data formats. See data formats
floating-point environment. See environment
floating-point exceptions. See exceptions
floating-point expressions, evaluating [1] [2]
floating-point numbers
    classes of [1]
      assembler [1]
      compiler [1]
    converting to integer [1]
    integers, converting to [1]
      assembler [1]
      compiler
      truncating [1]
    splitting
floating-point registers [1]
floating-point result flags [1]
Floating-Point Status and Control Register (FPSCR). See FPSCR
floating-point values, interpreting [1]
floating-point variables, initialization [1]
float_t typedef [1] [2]
floor function
flush-to-zero systems
fmadd assembler instruction
fmax function
fmin function
fmod function
fmr assembler instruction
fmsub assembler instruction
fmul assembler instruction
fnabs assembler instruction
fneg assembler instruction
fnmadd assembler instruction
fnmsub assembler instruction
format conventions for this book [1]
formats. See data formats
formatters, numeric
formatting output
    fixed-style decimal [1]
    floating-style decimal
Fortran
fp.h file
    functions [1] [2]
    porting to
FPCE technical report [1]
    compiler, recommendations for [1]
    conversions [1]
    data types
    environmental access [1]
    expression evaluation [1]
    transcendental functions [1]
fpclassify macro
FPSCR
    exception bits
    format [1]
    manipulation [1]
    result flags [1]
    rounding direction
fp_contract pragma [1]
fp_wide_function_parameters pragma
fp_wide_function_returns pragma
fp_wide_variables pragma [1]
fraction field
    defined
    determining value of
frexp function
frsp assembler instruction
fsub assembler instruction
functions [1]
    auxiliary [1]
    comparison
    error
    exponential
    financial
    gamma
    hyperbolic
    logarithmic
    sign manipulation
    trigonometric

G

gamma function
gamma functions
getenvironment SANE function
getround SANE function
gradual underflow

H

hexadecimal floating-point constants in C
HP Spectrum quad format
hyperbolic functions
hypot function
hypotenuse

I,J,K

IBM Q format
IEEE arithmetic
    advantages [1]
    operations [1]
IEEE data formats [1]
    . See also single format, double format
IEEE standard
    advantages [1]
    arithmetic operations [1]
    auxiliary functions [1]
    C language [1]
    comparisons [1]
    conversions required [1]
    data formats [1]
    exceptions [1]
    rounding direction modes [1] [2]
      . See also rounding direction
    rounding precision modes [1]
IEEE Standard 754. See IEEE standard
IEEE Standard 854
    logb function
    nearbyint function
IEEE standard arithmetic. See IEEE arithmetic
IEEEDEFAULTENV SANE constant
inexact exception [1]
    assembler
    conversions
INEXACT SANE constant
INFINITE SANE constant
Infinities [1]
    as alternative to stopping [1] [2]
    comparisons [1]
    converting to decimal [1]
    converting to floating-point
    converting to integer
    converting to string
    double-double format
    negative
    positive
    SANE [1]
INFINITY constant
initialization of floating-point variables [1]
instant rounding
INT
integer types
integers, converting [1]
    assembler
    compiler
    rounding [1]
    truncating [1]
interpreting floating-point values [1]
interval arithmetic
invalid exception [1]
    assembler
    conversions
    signaling NaN, result of [1]
invalid operation flag
INVALID SANE constant
invalid-operation exception. See invalid exception
inverse operations
ipower SANE function
isfinite macro
isnan macro
isnormal macro

L

ldexp function
lfd assembler instruction
lfdu assembler instruction
lfdux assembler instruction
lfdx assembler instruction
lfs assembler instruction [1] [2]
lfsu assembler instruction [1] [2]
lfsux assembler instruction [1] [2]
lfsx assembler instruction [1] [2]
lgamma function
load assembler instructions [1]
    as conversion operations [1]
    formats [1]
log function
log1 SANE function
log10 function
log1p function
log2 function
logarithmic functions
    binary
    common
    log of gamma
    natural [1] [2]
logb function
long double type. See double-double format
LONG_DOUBLE_SIZE macro

M

MathLib [1]
    conversions [1]
    data types, new [1]
    environmental controls [1]
    expression evaluation extensions [1]
    porting to
    transcendental functions [1]
maximum function
MC68881 coprocessor
mcrfs assembler instruction [1]
minimum evaluation format [1]
    compared to widest-need evaluation [1]
    compiler recommendations [1]
    examples [1]
minimum function
mixed formats
modf function
modulo function [1]
move assembler instructions
mtfsfi assembler instruction
multiplication [1]
    assembler
    invalid exception, generating
multiply-add assembler instructions
    enabling and disabling [1]
    format

N

NAN constant
nan function
    PowerPC Numerics
    SANE
NaNs [1]
    as alternative to stopping [1] [2]
    comparisons [1]
    converting to decimal [1]
    converting to floating-point [1]
    converting to integer
    converting to string
    creating
    double-double format
    porting programs
    quiet [1] [2]
    SANE [1]
    signaling [1] [2] [3]
natural exponential
natural exponential minus 1
natural logarithm [1] [2]
NCEG [1]
nearbyint function
negative Infinity. See Infinities
negative zero. See zero
nextafter functions
    PowerPC Numerics
    SANE
normalized numbers [1]
    compared to denormalized numbers [1]
    double-double format
NORMALNUM SANE constant
not unordered comparison
Not-a-Number. See NaNs
num2dec function
    definition
numbers, classes of [1]
    assembler [1]
    compiler [1]
numclass SANE type
Numerical C Extensions Group [1]

O

operations [1]
    arithmetic
      assembler
      defined [1]
    assembler [1]
    comparison
      assembler [1] [2]
      defined [1]
    compiler [1]
    conversion
      assembler [1]
      compiler [1]
    SANE [1]
    subject to arithmetic conversions [1]
optimizations
    and evaluation of floating-point constant expressions [1]
    and floating-point environment [1]
    and widest-need evaluation [1]
ordered comparison
    assembler
    defined
output
    fixed-style decimal [1]
    floating-style decimal
overflow [1]
    assembler
    conversions
OVERFLOW SANE constant

P

Pascal
PDP-11C
pi constant
pi SANE function
porting programs
    from non-Macintosh computers [1]
    from SANE [1]
positive difference function
positive Infinity. See Infinities
positive zero. See zero
pow function
    PowerPC Numerics
    SANE
power function
PowerPC floating-point architecture [1]
    conversions [1]
    data formats [1]
    environmental access [1]
    operations supported [1]
PowerPC Numerics
    advantages [1]
    conversions supported [1]
    data formats [1]
    environmental controls [1]
    expression evaluation [1]
    functions supported [1]
    operations supported [1]
    SANE, compared to [1] [2]
    SANE, porting from [1]
pragmas
    fenv_access [1]
    fp_contract [1]
    fp_wide_function_parameters [1]
    fp_wide_function_returns [1]
    fp_wide_variables [1]
precision
    of data formats [1]
    of expression evaluation [1]
procentry SANE function
procexit SANE function

Q

QNAN SANE constant
quiet NaNs [1] [2]

R

random number generator [1]
randomx function [1]
range of data formats [1]
real numbers
    computer approximation [1]
    order of
recommendations, FPCE for compilers [1]
registers
    Condition Register [1] [2]
    floating-point [1]
    FPSCR [1] [2]
    special-purpose [1]
relation function
relational operators [1]
remainder function
    defined
    invalid exception, generating
remquo function
result flags [1]
result, tiny [1]
rint function [1]
rinttol function
round function
round to integer operation [1]
rounddir SANE type
rounding
    defined
    instant
rounding direction [1]
    assembler
    compiler
    control
    current [1] [2] [3]
    default [1]
    downward [1]
    saving (compiler)
    setting
      assembler
      compiler
    to nearest [1]
    toward zero [1]
    upward [1]
rounding downward
    defined [1]
    floor function
rounding modes. See rounding direction
rounding precision modes [1]
rounding to integer [1]
rounding to nearest value [1]
rounding toward zero
    defined [1]
    trunc function
rounding upward
    ceil function
    defined [1]
roundoff error with denormalized numbers [1]
roundtol function

S

SANE
    compared to PowerPC Numerics [1] [2]
    conversions [1]
    data formats [1]
    denormalized numbers [1]
    environment [1]
    expression evaluation [1]
    Infinities [1]
    NaNs [1]
    operations [1]
    porting programs from [1]
    transcendental functions [1]
sane.h file
scalb function
    PowerPC Numerics
    SANE
scaling functions
    ldexp function
    scalb function
scanners
semantic type
setenvironment SANE function
setexception SANE function
setround SANE function
sign bit
sign manipulation functions
    copysign
    fabs function
sign of zero [1]
SIGN(A)
SIGN(A,B)
signaling NaNs [1]
    comparisons
    invalid exception
signbit macro
significand
signnum SANE function
sin function
sine
sine, hyperbolic
single format [1]
    as minimum evaluation format [1] [2]
    compiler [1] [2]
    converting from double format
      assembler [1]
      defined [1]
    converting from double-double format [1]
    converting to double format
      assembler [1]
      defined [1]
    converting to double-double format [1]
    diagram
    diagram, symbols used in
    precision
    range
    representation of values
single-precision numbers, density of
sinh function
small values
    and error analysis
    representing
SNAN SANE constant
special-purpose registers [1]
sqrt function [1]
square root operation
    defined [1]
    invalid exception, generating
Standard Apple Numerics Environment (SANE). See SANE
stfd assembler instruction
stfdu assembler instruction
stfdux assembler instruction
stfdx assembler instruction
stfs assembler instruction [1] [2]
stfsu assembler instruction [1] [2]
stfsux assembler instruction [1] [2]
stfsx assembler instruction [1] [2]
stopping program
store assembler instructions [1]
    as conversion operations [1]
    formats [1]
str2dec function
string conversions [1]
subtraction operation
    assembler
    defined [1]
symbols in format diagrams

T

tagp parameter [1]
tan function
tangent
tangent, hyperbolic
tanh function
testexception SANE function
tiny result [1]
to-nearest rounding [1]
TONEAREST SANE constant
toward +   rounding. See upward rounding
toward \xC7   rounding. See downward rounding
toward-zero rounding
    defined [1]
    trunc function
TOWARDZERO SANE constant
transcendental functions [1]
    assembler [1]
    defined [1] [2]
    SANE [1]
transported code
trigonometric functions
trigonometric functions, hyperbolic
Trunc function
trunc function
truncating floating-point to integer [1] [2]
types. See data formats

U

underflow [1]
    assembler [1]
    conversions
    gradual
UNDERFLOW SANE constant
unordered (comparison)
    assembler
    defined
upward rounding [1]
    ceil function
UPWARD SANE constant

V

values, interpreting [1]
variable types. See data formats
VAX H format

W,X,Y

widening for efficiency [1] [2]
widest-need evaluation [1] [2]
    compared to minimum evaluation [1]
    examples [1]

Z

zero
    division by
    double-double format
    rounding toward [1] [2]
    sign of [1]
    \xC70 as a result
ZERONUM SANE constant
_MIN_EVAL_FORMAT macro
_WIDEST_NEED_EVAL macro
__FP__ macro
__SANE__ macro
  . See Infinities
\xB10. See zero
\xC7 (minus) operator [1] [2]

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© Apple Computer, Inc.
13 JUL 1996