Is there a way to list installed iPhone applications programmatically?

Is there a [supported] way to list installed iPhone applications
programmatically … ?

No.

The only exception to this is if you’re working in a managed environment, in which case the MDM system can see what apps are installed.

Is it possible to get the list via connected bluetooth devices?

No.

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—
Quinn “The Eskimo!” @ Developer Technical Support @ Apple
let myEmail = "eskimo" + "1" + "@apple.com"