You can use your 10.3 iPad with current Xcode (9.x), but you can't build for current iOS 11.x for the store, unless you build apps with a Deployment OS low enough to run on that device.
Those apps would then support from, say iOS 10.x to iOS 11.x, but without an iOS 11.x capable device, you're left to test for it on the Simulator, which will only help with basic app flow testing.
Optionally, you can still use Xcode 6, 7 & 8 to submit apps to the store - go to the Xcode wiki, find out which version Xcode specifically supports iOS 10.x, then visit 'more' developer downloads to obtain that version. Just be aware help with/support for older Xcodes is hit/miss now.