I was able to finally install 10.13. Read on for full details.
Three attempts to install 10.13 on my existing 10.12 drive failed the same way. Long into the install process, com.apple.DiskManagement error 0 with only option to 'restart and try again'. AppleCare not helpful; had no solution. Apple itself not helpful since 10.12 no longer exists in the Mac App Store, not a download in the developer downloads either, and really strange, also non-existant in my purchase history in the Mac App Store. Though my purchase history does include 10.8 up to and including 10.11!
Anyhow, my Mac Pro has 3 physical drives and 7 total partitions. So I shuffled some files around to serve as a replacement drive for the failed one. During AppleCare call they had me enter recovery mode, but that did nothing at the time (screen forever showed the Apple logo). However, when I rebooted and held down just 'option' (to select a startup drive), I now had a 10.3 recovery option. I selected that and did a full clean install of 10.13 onto my empty partition. That worked.
I then later ran Migration Assistant. Sadly, pointing that to my botched drive didn't work. But, I had a Time Machine backup from just one hour prior to when I attempted the install the first time. But, due to lack of space on Time Capsule, I chose not to back up Applications. But, the critical items (keychains, documents, app settings, etc. were all backed up and moved a-ok). That ran overnight (about 7 hour process).
This morning was able to get in and one-by-one copied over applications still residing on the bad drive (the 10.13 installer pushed the entire Applications folder under a 'Recovered Items' folder. And, since settings were moved, when I launched applications (e.g. Lightroom), it was seamless.
Oh... because I use so many other partitions to hold photos, movies, my source code, etc. I did have to set permissions everywhere. This was because the fresh OS I installed was a different user from what I migrated. This was easy though as I simply did Command-I at the drive partition level, added my new account with Read/Write and then selected to have that propagate to all children.
In short, I have found no method to repair a botched 10.13 install where you get that DiskManagement error.
Should be nothing to do with AFPS since I'm using HDs and the option to convert to AFPS was off.
My solution involved doing a fresh install to a clean partiion and having a Time Machine backup to migrate from. Bonus points if your backup also includes Applications (my future ones will).