Apple Sign In - "Sign up not completed" Error in Development Build (React Native / Expo) Problem Summary I'm implementing Apple Sign In in a React Native app using expo-apple-authentication. The Apple sign-in dialog appears as expected, but after tapping "Continue," it displays the message: "Sign up not completed". No credential is returned, and the promise eventually rejects with ERR_REQUEST_CANCELED. App Configuration Platform: React Native (Expo SDK 52) Library: expo-apple-authentication v7.1.3 Target: iOS development build (not Expo Go) Bundle ID: com.example.appname.nativetest (new App ID created for testing) Apple Developer Console Setup (Reviewed Carefully) App ID Explicit App ID (not a wildcard) "Sign In with Apple" capability enabled No associated Services IDs or Sign In with Apple Keys Provisioning Profile Development profile created for the test App ID Profile includes the test device and development certificate Installed successfully and used to sign the app Certificates and Signing Valid Apple Developer Program membership Development certificate installed and selected during build App installs and launches properly on the test device Implementation Attempts Attempt 1: Supabase OAuth Method Initially tried using Supabase’s built-in Apple OAuth provider: Configured with team ID, key ID, and JWT credentials Proper redirect URLs and scheme were in place Resulted in OAuth URL pointing to Supabase instead of Apple, with incomplete client ID Ultimately moved to native implementation for improved control and reliability Attempt 2: Native Apple Sign In (Current Approach) Using expo-apple-authentication with the following code: const credential = await AppleAuthentication.signInAsync({ requestedScopes: [ AppleAuthentication.AppleAuthenticationScope.FULL_NAME, AppleAuthentication.AppleAuthenticationScope.EMAIL, ], }); Relevant app.config.js Section: ios: { bundleIdentifier: 'com.example.appname.nativetest', usesAppleSignIn: true, infoPlist: { NSAppTransportSecurity: { NSAllowsArbitraryLoads: true, NSAllowsLocalNetworking: true, }, }, }, plugins: ['expo-apple-authentication'] Observed Behavior AppleAuthentication.isAvailableAsync() → true Credential state → NOT_FOUND (expected for new user) Apple Sign In dialog appears and allows interaction User taps "Continue" → dialog reports "Sign up not completed" Eventually returns: [Error: The user canceled the authorization attempt], code ERR_REQUEST_CANCELED Confirmed Working Aspects AppleAuthentication API is available and initialized App is signed correctly and launches on the physical test device Apple Sign In dialog appears with correct styling and options Same result observed across both Wi-Fi and cellular networks Clean Setup and Debugging Performed Removed all previous build artifacts Created a new App ID and new provisioning profile Rebuilt the app using expo run:ios --device Validated entitlements and provisioning assignments Removed any Services IDs and Apple Sign In keys used in previous attempts Verified ATS (App Transport Security) policies allow dev-time communication Environment Information Device: iPhone (not simulator) iOS Version: 18.5 Xcode: Latest version Apple ID: Developer account with 2FA enabled Build Method: EAS CLI using expo run:ios --device Open Questions Has anyone experienced the "Sign up not completed" issue with a clean native implementation in Expo? Are there known limitations when testing Apple Sign In in local development builds? Could prior Apple ID authorization attempts impact sign-in behavior during testing? Are there any additional configuration steps, Info.plist changes, or entitlements required beyond those listed above? Thank you in advance for any suggestions or guidance. We’re hoping this is simply a configuration detail that needs to be adjusted.

Hello, I'm developing an iOS app that includes a Sign In with Apple feature. I’ve completed the following setup steps: Enabled Sign In with Apple for the app’s Bundle ID in the Apple Developer Console. Added Sign In with Apple capability in Xcode under Signing & Capabilities. Tested the feature on a real device, not a simulator. Registered the real device ID in the Developer Console just in case any hidden permission issues exist. Despite following all the necessary steps (and even using the official Apple sample code) the Sign In bottom sheet displays a "Sign Up Not Completed" message. Unfortunately, I don’t receive any further error details to help diagnose the issue. After searching through StackOverflow and this forum, I came across posts suggesting that the feature might take up to 48 hours to become active after setup. Is this still the case in 2025? Or is there something I might be missing? For additional context: other features such as APNs (Push Notifications) are working as expected. Thank you in advance for any help or insight!

I'm developing a Unity iOS app using the official "Sign In with Apple" Unity plugin (v1.5.0), and I'm encountering persistent errors during authentication. Here’s the full context: App Info: Unity version: 6000.0.32f1 Bundle ID: com.pfcgaming.applesignin Sign In with Apple enabled in the Apple Developer portal Real iOS device, not simulator Error Logs: txt Copy Edit Authorization failed: Error Domain=AKAuthenticationError Code=-7003 "(null)" UserInfo={AKClientBundleID=com.pfcgaming.applesignin} ASAuthorizationController credential request failed with error: Error Domain=com.apple.AuthenticationServices.AuthorizationError Code=1001 "(null)" Description: The operation couldn’t be completed. No credentials available for login. What I’ve Done So Far: Verified "Sign In with Apple" is enabled under the App ID in developer.apple.com. Provisioning profile has been regenerated with correct entitlements. Xcode project has the “Sign In with Apple” capability added. Tested on multiple real iOS devices with iCloud + Keychain enabled. Tried both PerformQuickLogin() and LoginWithAppleId() approaches in the plugin. My Observations: These errors started occurring right after enabling "Sign In with Apple" in the developer portal. Based on some community feedback, there may be a backend propagation delay after enabling SIWA (Sign In With Apple) which might cause these errors. Questions: Is it expected to receive error -7003 or 1001 immediately after enabling SIWA in the Developer Portal? How long does it typically take for entitlement changes to fully propagate? Is there any Apple-recommended workaround to test during this wait time? Any insight or confirmation would be helpful. Thanks in advance!

We're integrating Sign in with Apple into our iOS app using both SwiftUI and UIKit. The Apple ID login UI appears correctly on real devices, but after tapping Continue, the system immediately stops and shows code 1001. This issue happens across multiple devices and Apple ID accounts, even with no prior login history. We’ve confirmed the following: Sign in with Apple is enabled in both Developer Portal and Xcode Capabilities Automatic signing and provisioning are set correctly Device is signed into iCloud and system time is synced Performed clean build, app reinstall, and other standard debugging steps We suspect that the sign-in process may not be completing properly due to some kind of account or server-side restriction, and we’d appreciate any insights into this behavior.

Hi, I've been developing an app with a server. I'm hosting the server on an IPv6-ONLY network that's hidden behind the CloudFlare, so it works flawlessly from the clients point of view, but if server needs to access external resources, they need to be accessible over IPv6. As it turns out, appleid.apple.com doesn't support IPv6, and the Sign In with Apple happens with the help of my server. So, I can't sign users in as Apple doesn't support IPv6 traffic on appleid.apple.com. Are there any plans to support IPv6 in the near future, or should I work on the networking setup to enable IPv4 just for the Apple SSO? Or maybe there's a clever workaround I'm missing?

Hello. I have issue with implementing "Sign in with Apple" on my website. As folow, I have created: App ID identifier: com.livnobus.app (G2F5N5UHYZ) Service ID identifier: com.livnobus.client (B25ZN8P84U) with option enabled "Sign in with Apple" and configuration (Primary App ID and Webiste URLs) Key ID: 43N8XKUW7S with option enabled "Sign in with Apple" and configuration (Primary App ID and Grouped App Ids) When I click "Sign in with Apple" on my website (https://dev.livnobus.com/auth/login), system redirect me to https://appleid.apple.com/ and error show "invalid_client". Redirect URL on my web site is: https://appleid.apple.com/auth/authorize?client_id=com.livnobus.client&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.livnobus.com%2Fauth%2Fapple%2Fcallback&scope=name%20email&response_type=code&response_mode=form_post&state=eGAgdpLrvskJc26RbTizc9TGwxnL6KAEJOf68pmO&nonce=e7c7a242-1977-47ea-9013-98820c24bfba.eGAgdpLrvskJc26RbTizc9TGwxnL6KAEJOf68pmO There was old Service ID identifier com.livnobus.app-client, for which I lost private KEY, so I have created new one: com.livnobus.client With old Service ID com.livnobus.app-client, https://appleid.apple.com/ shows me Apple form for sign in, but with new Service ID com.livnobus.client there is error "invalid_client" https://appleid.apple.com/auth/authorize?client_id=com.livnobus.app-client&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.livnobus.com%2Fauth%2Fapple%2Fcallback&scope=name%20email&response_type=code&response_mode=form_post&state=eGAgdpLrvskJc26RbTizc9TGwxnL6KAEJOf68pmO&nonce=e7c7a242-1977-47ea-9013-98820c24bfba.eGAgdpLrvskJc26RbTizc9TGwxnL6KAEJOf68pmO These changes I have made last Friday, and since then I can't use "Sign in with Apple" on my website. Thanks!

I am having trouble with one of my apps that will not let me log in via Apple Sign In. I am using Firebase and Firebase UI for the sign in process. I have many other apps with the same exact config that currently work just fine, but this one I have gone as far as completely deleting the targets and rebuilding and it will not return from the login screen I checked the following: Sign in with Apple ID Capability is available in XCode and on the dev certificate on developer.apple.com I have also toggled both of them on and off. I have double checked the config in Firebase to turn on the Apple Login identifier. Again I have toggle it on and off. I have cleaned the project multiple times to no avail. I have logged out and back into my developer account in XCode. It seams like after I put in the correct password to log in, it just never returns to the app, there is no logging. I do get a notified(shaking input box) if I put in an incorrect password, but when I put in the correct one, the login window never dismisses and my app is not notified. I checked the Console and the last message from akd on a working app is: Notifying client (bundle) of credential state change 1. Remote view sent a finish event On the one not working, using the same user and password akd returns: SRP authentication with server failed! Error: Error Domain=com.apple.AppleIDAuthSupport Code=2 "M2 missing (bad password) I have 100% verified I am putting in the correct user password. I was only notified of this issue because Policy is having the same issue logging in during App Review. Also, if I put in a bad password the input window shakes and when this is happening, the input window is not shaking

Our app uses Sign in with Apple. In recent weeks (or months), we've noticed that emails sent to @privaterelay.appleid.com addresses are not being delivered. We're not receiving any bouncebacks or error messages from the mail server, but the emails never reach the user's mailbox. We've also checked spam folders, with no luck. We have verified that our Email Sources are configured correctly in Apple Developer settings. Is there any way to debug or trace what might be happening with these messages? Thanks in advance!

I’m trying to update the Domains and Redirects section for my Services ID configuration in Apple Developer (for Sign in with Apple). When I add new domains and click Save, nothing happens. In the browser console, I see a network request that fails with: PATCH not supported What I’ve tried so far: Logging out/in and refreshing the page Clearing browser cache and cookies Trying in Safari, Chrome, and incognito mode Verifying domain formatting (HTTPS, no trailing slash, domain is live) The issue persists in all browsers I’ve tested. Request: Is this a known issue with the Developer portal, or is there an alternative method to update my Services ID domains? Any guidance would be appreciated. Thanks,

We are working on a PoC iOS App to use "Sign in with Apple" on iOS. The app needs to authenticate the current user on MDM managed corporate iPads (with Shared iPad enabled) and each user having a Managed Apple ID (created in Apple Business Manager). We have started with Apple's example app: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/authenticationservices/implementing-user-authentication-with-sign-in-with-apple When we run it on a normal iPad (without MDM supervision) it works fine. When we run the same code on a managed iPad with Shared iPad enabled and Managed Apple ID's the app errors out when a user taps the "Sign in with Apple" button. A User-facing error message is displayed: “Your Apple Account cannot be used to create accounts for other apps.” And when we run the app from Xcode we see the following logs: Authorization failed: Error Domain=AKAuthenticationError Code=-7027 "(null)" UserInfo={AKClientBundleID=com.sampleapp.test2} LaunchServices: store (null) or url (null) was nil: Error Domain=NSOSStatusErrorDomain Code=-54 "process may not map database" UserInfo={NSDebugDescription=process may not map database, _LSLine=72, _LSFunction=_LSServer_GetServerStoreForConnectionWithCompletionHandler} Attempt to map database failed: permission was denied. This attempt will not be retried. Failed to initialize client context with error Error Domain=NSOSStatusErrorDomain Code=-54 "process may not map database" UserInfo={NSDebugDescription=process may not map database, _LSLine=72, _LSFunction=_LSServer_GetServerStoreForConnectionWithCompletionHandler} Failed to get application extension record: Error Domain=NSOSStatusErrorDomain Code=-54 "(null)" ASAuthorizationController credential request failed with error: Error Domain=com.apple.AuthenticationServices.AuthorizationError Code=1000 "(null)" Could not authenticate: The operation couldn’t be completed. (com.apple.AuthenticationServices.AuthorizationError error 1000.) We have confirmed that in ABM "Sign in with Apple" feature is enabled with "Allowed apps": "All apps". We have also confirmed that the Managed AppleIDs created in ABM have no field to provide the birthday of the user and therefore ruling out age restrictions for "Sign in with Apple". Is "Sign in with Apple" supported in MDM managed iPADs with Shared iPad enabled and managed AppleIDs? If it is supported, do we know what other configurations we need to get it to work? Do we know why "Sign in with Apple" would error out with Authorization failed: Error Domain=AKAuthenticationError Code=-7027 "(null)" UserInfo={AKClientBundleID=com.sampleapp.test2} LaunchServices: store (null) or url (null) was nil: Error Domain=NSOSStatusErrorDomain Code=-54 "process may not map database" UserInfo={NSDebugDescription=process may not map database, _LSLine=72, Environment: • iPadOS version: IPadOS Version 18.7 • Xcode version: Version 26.0 (17A324) • Device type: iPad Air 11-inch (M3) in Shared iPad mode • Account type: Managed Apple ID created in ABM enrolled with Intune MDM) Thank you

Our background monitoring application uses a Unix executable that requests Screen Recording permission via CGRequestScreenCaptureAccess(). This worked correctly in macOS Tahoe 26.0.1, but broke in 26.1. Issue: After calling CGRequestScreenCaptureAccess() in macOS Tahoe 26.1: System dialog appears and opens System Settings Our executable does NOT appear in the Screen Recording list Manually adding via "+" button grants permission internally, but the executable still doesn't show in the UI Users cannot verify or revoke permissions Background: Unix executable runs as a background process (not from Terminal) Uses Accessibility APIs to retrieve window titles Same issue occurs with Full Disk Access permissions Environment: macOS Tahoe 26.1 (worked in 26.0.1) Background process (not launched from Terminal) Questions: Is this a bug or intentional design change in 26.1? What's the recommended approach for background executables to properly register with TCC? Are there specific requirements (Info.plist, etc.) needed? This significantly impacts user experience as they cannot manage permissions through the UI. Any guidance would be greatly appreciated. Thank you

If a user triggers account revoke on their Apple ID—but does not perform an in-app account deletion—will Apple send a server-to-server notification to inform us of this revoke event? Additionally, in this scenario, if the user later wants to restore access to their existing game account data (for example, by re-binding Sign in with Apple or switching to another login method), are developers expected to restore all previously linked game data, or should the revoke event be treated as a permanent loss of authorization?

Hi, I'm trying to implement web-browser SignIn with Apple with my new app. I'm trying to "Associate your website to your app" like described in this doc: https://developer.apple.com/help/account/capabilities/configure-sign-in-with-apple-for-the-web So I created a Service ID for this specific login. I want this login page to display my app icon and name when presented to users. My issue: When I associate my new app the the service, the link is somehow not working. The login page show the "service" login (with a generic apple logo and the Service ID's name) instead of the actual App name. I'v been able to link my new service to older apps succesfully !!! (the login page correctly shows the old apps icons and names) Why is my new app not associated with the service ? I am missing something here ? is there an additionnal step that I need to take in order to link the service to my newest app ? Thanks !

I am getting the following errors. The app used to work and now does not, even without any code changes. Any thoughts on resolving this issue? Authorization failed: Error Domain=AKAuthenticationError Code=-7026 "(null)" Us erInfo={AKClientBundleID=<bundleid>} LaunchServices: store (null) or url (null) was nil: Error Domain=NSOSStatusErrorDomain Code=-54 "process may not map database" Us erInfo={NSDebugDescription=process may not map database, _LSLine=72, _LSFunction=_LSServer_GetServerStoreForConnectionWithCompletionHandler} Attempt to map database failed: permission was denied. This attempt will not be retried. Failed to initialize client context with error Error Domain=NSOSStatusErrorDomain Code=-54 "process may not map database" Us erInfo={NSDebugDescription=process may not map database, _LSLine=72, _LSFunction=_LSServer_GetServerStoreForConnectionWithCompletionHandler} Failed to get application extension record: Error Domain=NSOSStatusErrorDomain Code=-54 "(null)" ASAuthorizationController credential request failed with error: Error Domain=com.apple.AuthenticationServices.AuthorizationError Code=1000 "(null)"

Hello, We are working on integrating app integrity verification into our service application, following Apple's App Attest and DeviceCheck guide. Our server issues a challenge to the client, which then sends the challenge, attestation, and keyId in CBOR format to Apple's App Attest server for verification. However, we are unable to reach both https://attest.apple.com and https://attest.development.apple.com due to network issues. These attempts have been made from both our internal corporate network and mobile hotspot environments. Despite adjusting DNS settings and other configurations, the issue persists. Are there alternative methods or solutions to address this problem? Any recommended network configurations or guidelines to successfully connect to Apple's App Attest servers would be greatly appreciated. Thank you.

Hi Apple Developer Community, We have carefully reviewed the documentation on App Transfer and User Migration, but we still have a few unresolved questions regarding Apple Sign-In token behavior and testing strategies. Would appreciate any guidance! Token Behavior for Pre-Transfer App Versions After the app transfer: If a user logs in via an existing pre-transfer version of the app (published under Team A before transfer), will the Apple Sign-In token’s sub (or private email) switch to new value tie to Team B, or unchanged? This is critical for our user migration plan. Preserving sub Across Transfers (Internal Team Transfer) Since our app-transfer is an internal transfer (no change in app ownership outside our organization), is there a way to retain the original sub value（or private email） for users after the transfer? We are concerned that Apple Sign-In errors during the app transfer process may negatively impact user experience. Testing the Transfer Process Safely We’d like to simulate the app transfer and user migration process in a sandbox/test environment before executing it in production. Is there a way to test app transfers without affecting live users? (e.g., a staging mode for transfers) Thank you for your expertise! Any insights would be invaluable.

Dear Apple Developer Technical Support, We are currently following the official Apple documentation “TN3159: Migrating Sign in with Apple users for an app transfer” to carry out a Sign in with Apple user migration after successfully transferring several apps to a new developer account. Here is a summary of our situation: Under the original Apple developer account, we had five apps using Sign in with Apple, grouped under a shared primary app using App Grouping. Recently, we transferred three of these apps to our new Apple developer account via App Store Connect. After the transfer, these three apps are no longer associated with the original primary App ID. We reconfigured individual Services IDs for each app in the new account and enabled Sign in with Apple for each. More than 24 hours have passed since the app transfer was completed. Now we are attempting to follow the migration process to restore user access via the user.migration flow. Specifically, we are using the following script to request an Apple access token: url = "https://appleid.apple.com/auth/token" headers = {"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"} data = { "grant_type": "client_credentials", "scope": "user.migration", "client_id": "com.game.friends.ios.toptop.sea", # New Services ID in the new account "client_secret": "<JWT signed with new p8 key>" } response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, data=data) However, the API response consistently returns: { "error": "invalid_client" } We have verified that the following configurations are correct: The client_secret is generated using the p8 key from the new account, signed with ES256 and correct key_id, team_id, and client_id. The client_id corresponds to the Services ID created in the new account and properly associated with the migrated app. The scope is set to user.migration. The JWT payload contains correct iss, sub, and aud values as per Apple documentation. The app has been fully transferred and reconfigured more than 24 hours ago. Problem Summary & Request for Support: According to Apple’s official documentation: “After an app is transferred, Apple updates the Sign in with Apple configuration in the background. This can take up to 24 hours. During this time, attempts to authenticate users or validate tokens may fail.” However, we are still consistently receiving invalid_client errors after the 24-hour waiting period. We suspect one of the following issues: The transferred apps may still be partially associated with the original App Grouping or primary App ID. Some Sign in with Apple configuration in Apple’s backend may not have been fully updated after the transfer. Or the Services ID is not yet fully operational for the transferred apps in the new account. We kindly request your assistance to: Verify whether the transferred apps have been completely detached from the original App Grouping and primary App ID. Confirm whether the new Services IDs under the new account are fully functional and eligible for Sign in with Apple with user.migration scope. Help identify any remaining configuration or migration issues that may cause the invalid_client error. If necessary, assist in manually ungrouping or clearing any residual App Grouping relationships affecting the new environment. We have also generated and retained the original transfer_sub identifiers and are fully prepared to complete the sub mapping once the user.migration flow becomes functional. Thank you very much for your time and support!

Question detail Dear Apple Developer Technical Support, We are currently following the official Apple documentation “TN3159: Migrating Sign in with Apple users for an app transfer” to carry out a Sign in with Apple user migration after successfully transferring several apps to a new developer account. Here is a summary of our situation: Under the original Apple developer account, we had five apps using Sign in with Apple, grouped under a shared primary app using App Grouping. Recently, we transferred three of these apps to our new Apple developer account via App Store Connect. After the transfer, these three apps are no longer associated with the original primary App ID. We reconfigured individual Services IDs for each app in the new account and enabled Sign in with Apple for each. More than 24 hours have passed since the app transfer was completed. Now we are attempting to follow the migration process to restore user access via the user.migration flow. Specifically, we are using the following script to request an Apple access token: url = "https://appleid.apple.com/auth/token" headers = {"Content-Type": "application/x-www-form-urlencoded"} data = { "grant_type": "client_credentials", "scope": "user.migration", "client_id": "com.game.friends.ios.xxxx", # New Primary ID in the new account "client_secret": "<JWT signed with new p8 key>" } response = requests.post(url, headers=headers, data=data) However, the API response consistently returns: { "error": "invalid_client" } We have verified that the following configurations are correct: The client_secret is generated using the p8 key from the new account, signed with ES256 and correct key_id, team_id, and client_id. The client_id corresponds to the Services ID created in the new account and properly associated with the migrated app. The scope is set to user.migration. The JWT payload contains correct iss, sub, and aud values as per Apple documentation. The app has been fully transferred and reconfigured more than 24 hours ago. Problem Summary & Request for Support: According to Apple’s official documentation: “After an app is transferred, Apple updates the Sign in with Apple configuration in the background. This can take up to 24 hours. During this time, attempts to authenticate users or validate tokens may fail.” However, we are still consistently receiving invalid_client errors after the 24-hour waiting period. We suspect one of the following issues: The transferred apps may still be partially associated with the original App Grouping or primary App ID. Some Sign in with Apple configuration in Apple’s backend may not have been fully updated after the transfer. Or the Services ID is not yet fully operational for the transferred apps in the new account. We kindly request your assistance to: Verify whether the transferred apps have been completely detached from the original App Grouping and primary App ID. Confirm whether the new Services IDs under the new account are fully functional and eligible for Sign in with Apple with user.migration scope. Help identify any remaining configuration or migration issues that may cause the invalid_client error. If necessary, assist in manually ungrouping or clearing any residual App Grouping relationships affecting the new environment. We have also generated and retained the original transfer_sub identifiers and are fully prepared to complete the sub mapping once the user.migration flow becomes functional. Thank you very much for your time and support!

Our app (app1) was recently transferred from Team A to Team B. While reviewing the Apple login implementation, we discovered that "Sign in with Apple" had been incorrectly set up to use the Service ID and App ID of another app (app2) — specifically, it was using app2.service as the Service ID and app2 as the App ID. In other words, app1’s users were authenticated through app2’s credentials due to a misconfiguration on our part. Now that app1 has been transferred to Team B, we’re trying to preserve those users. However, app2 is still in Team A, and we cannot maintain Team A anymore — meaning app2 must also be transferred to Team B if we want to retain access to the user data. One idea we considered is submitting app2 for App Review (even though it's non-functional) just to fulfill the transfer requirements, and then transferring it to Team B solely to retain the Apple login setup. Is this approach acceptable? Are there any recommended ways to handle this kind of misconfiguration while preserving existing Sign in with Apple users?

My existing iOS app has a legacy App ID prefix which does not match my Team ID. I am planning on migrating it to my Team ID. I am aware of the potential issues with keychain access groups, however I wanted to double check that there are no issues related to "Sign in with Apple". My app is currently the "Primary App ID" in the "Sign in with Apple" settings. The full App ID is listed there, including the prefix. Can someone from the relevant team at Apple confirm that changing the App ID prefix to Team ID has no effect related to "Sign in with Apple"?