We’re looking to implement a custom IPSec IKEv2 VPN using the Packet Tunnel Provider network extension on iOS because we need to add extra information to EAP, which the built-in IKEv2 VPN configuration does not support. Is it possible to handle the full IKEv2 negotiation and IPSec tunneling within the Packet Tunnel Provider extension? Or are there limitations that would prevent implementing a full IKEv2 stack this way? Any insights or alternative approaches would be appreciated. Thanks!

I am creating an application that needs to connect to an Iot device, so i want to make a wifi hotspot with a custom SSID and password and WPA3. Could you please provide an example code in Objective-C to get started?

Good morning, I have been playing with he new Networking framework released in beta, and i think its amazing how powerful and simple it is. However i have been tackling some issues with it, it seems that the NetworkListener does not allow us to configure a specific endpoint for any of the protocols, UDP, TCP (QUIC, TLS) Is this intended or just not missing features as of the Beta ? I figured out how to use bonjour to get a port (as i am brand new to using Networking on macOS and Swift) I get that the use of this is mainly as a client to connect to servers, but it would make more sense to have a high level abstraction of what already exist, wouldn't it be more intuitive to configure a NetworkEndpoint that contains either a Bonjour Service or an endpoint with configured port that we can then configure on the Listener, instead of doing .service(...) ?

Hi! We are planning to build an app for a research project that collects sensitive information (such as symptoms, photos and audio). We don't want to store this data locally on the phone or within the app but rather have it securely transferred to a safe SFTP server. Is it possible to implement this i iOS, and if so, does anyone have any recommendations on how to do this?

I have 3 phones iPhone 14 iOS 18.3 iPhone Xr iOS 18.5 iPhone Xr iOS 18.4.1 My app has a network extension, and I've noticed each phone having their connectivity interupted by calls on the push provider, calling stop with the noNetworkAvailable reason. The point of confusion is that each phone seems to get it's interuption at different times. For example one will get an interuption at 1:00, while the others is fine, while at 3:00 another will get an interuption, while the others are fine. This is confusing since a "no network available" seems to imply a problem with the router, or access point, but if that were the case, one would believe it should affect all the phones on the wifi. I don't see less interuptions on the iPhone14 vs the iPhone Xr. Do you believe the iOS version is affecting the performance? Could you please give me some insight, as to what could be going on inside these phones? P.S. I also see an error pop up when using NWConnection, this is inside the App. The state update handler will sometimes return the state, waiting(POSIX(.ENETDOWN)) Is there any relation to what's going on in the extension?

Our app receives real-time GPS and aircraft data from devices via UDP broadcast and/or multicast on a WiFi network created by the device. We have identified that the iPhone or iPad will just stop receiving UDP broadcast/multicast data for an interval of time. In general, it appears after roughly every 128KB of data is received. In the attached screenshot from Xcode instruments, you can see the data reception alternating on/off. We have verified with Wireshark that the data is still flowing during that entire time period. And by tracking bytes received the app ultimately receives about 55% of the bytes, which tracks with the Network graph. We have used different approaches to the network code, including GCDAsyncUdpSocket, BSD Sockets, and the Network framework. We've tried it on background threads and the main thread. Tested it on iPads and iPhones. All produce the same result. The data is just never reaching the app code. Any insight on what may be temporarily disabling data reception?

I am making a USB attached IoT device that follows the Matter approach to connectivity (IP/mDNS/DHCP). I am having conflicts with it as it appears to MacOS as an Ethernet adapter and this is causing it to be assigned as a "default" route, interfering with routing when my Mac is connected to NAT based WiFi. I'd like to be able to hint to MacOS & iPadOS that this is not a routable private network, the subnet should be respected and a default route should not be assigned to it, otherwise the order of the device connection is used by the IP routing tables and I am concerned my non-routable private network will initialize before Wifi and block NAT based internet connectivity. How can I hint to MacOS/iPadOS "this is not a routable private network, this is not a NAT, do not assign me a default route beyond the subnet I have provided you."

I use eapolcfg in Apple's open source eap8021x repository to connect to the enterprise network. 1.https://github.com/gfleury/eap8021x-debug https://opensource.apple.com/source/eap8021x/eap8021x-304.100.1/ Our enterprise network authentication is PEAP. So far, I have created a profile using the following commands and have done the access. ./eapolcfg createProfile --authType PEAP --SSID myssid --securityType WPA2 --userDefinedName MyProfile ./eapolcfg setPasswordItem --password mypassword --name myname --SSID myssid ./eapolcfg startAuthentication --interface en0 --SSID myssid After I performed this series of operations, I passed BOOL success = [self.interface associateToEnterpriseNetwork:network identity:nil username:username password:password error:&error]; Connection will pop up the following pop-up window, sometimes associateToEnterpriseNetwork will fail. I don't know what went wrong, is it that I missed some steps through the eapolcfg [tool?] This function also reports the following error：Error Domain=com.apple.coreWLAN.EAPOL.error Code=1 "(null)" Please answer my questions. Thank you very much

We are developing an iOS application with a key feature designed to enhance user safety: real-time assessment of Wi-Fi network security. The "Safe Wi-Fi" feature aims to inform users about the security level of the Wi-Fi network they are currently connected to. Our goal is to provide this information seamlessly and continuously, even when the user isn't actively using the app. Currently, we've implemented this feature using a NWPathMonitor. The limitation of NWPathMonitor is that it doesn't function when the app is in a kill state. We are looking for guidance on how to achieve persistent Wi-Fi security monitoring in the background or when the app is killed. Is there any API (Public, Special API, etc) or a recommended approach that allows for real-time Wi-Fi connection monitoring (including connection changes and network details) even when the app is not actively running or is in a kill state. Thank you in advance for your help.

Hi, I am working on a case in our organisation where hundreds if not a thousand wireless network clients are affected by regular, usually 30 sometimes 60 minute sometime they are unnoticeable but often people having meetings notice that a lot. We excluded wireless network configuration issue since disconnections happens to clients both connected to Cisco and Ubiquiti Access Points. WLC logs mostly show EAP timeout errors - clients are getting disauthenticated and authenticated back - usually without any action needed - but the meeting is being interrupted. What I found in Macbook logs with sudo log show [options] is the main reason of network disconnection: 2025-02-04 14:16:31.219192+0100 0xc01342 Default 0x0 86459 0 wifianalyticsd: [com.apple.wifi.analytics:Default] -[DPSQuickRecoveryRecommendationEngine updateTimeSincePreviousTriggerForStudy:msgKey:dictKey:]::913:msgkey:WFAAWDWASDS_symptomsDnsTimeSincePreviousTriggerMinutes dictKey:dps_lastSymptomsDpsTrigger previous_TS:(null) current_TS:Tue Feb 4 14:16:31 2025 difference:0 2025-02-04 14:16:31.219704+0100 0xc01342 Default 0x0 86459 0 wifianalyticsd: [com.apple.wifi.analytics:Default] -[DPSQuickRecoveryRecommendationEngine updateScreenState]::198:DPS Fast Reset Recommendation Engine: (screenON & foreGrnd traffic) is DETECTED 2025-02-04 14:16:31.219713+0100 0xc01342 Default 0x0 86459 0 wifianalyticsd: [com.apple.wifi.analytics:Default] -[DPSQuickRecoveryRecommendationEngine recommendSymptomsDpsRecovery:symptomsDnsStats:awdlState:currentSymptomsCondition:isLANPingSuccessful:appUsage:averageCCA:]::966:PeerDiagnostics: Data not received from peerDiagnostics 2025-02-04 14:16:31.219714+0100 0xc01342 Default 0x0 86459 0 wifianalyticsd: [com.apple.wifi.analytics:Default] -[DPSQuickRecoveryRecommendationEngine checkForPriorityNetwork]::256:Priority Network Check Disabled: NO IsPriorityNetwork: YES 2025-02-04 14:16:31.219732+0100 0xc01342 Default 0x0 86459 0 wifianalyticsd: [com.apple.wifi.analytics:Default] -[DPSQuickRecoveryRecommendationEngine isResetAllowedForKey:forPrefSelector:]::330:key:symptomsDps_lastScreenOnRecoveryWD previousWD_TS:(null) currentWD_TS:Tue Feb 4 14:16:31 2025 recommendation:YES 2025-02-04 14:16:31.219735+0100 0xc01342 Default 0x0 86459 0 wifianalyticsd: [com.apple.wifi.analytics:Default] -[DPSQuickRecoveryRecommendationEngine updateSymptomsDPSRecoveryWDStatsForKey:]::210:Added key: symptomsDps_numRecommendedScreenOnRecoveryWD value:1 dict:(null) 2025-02-04 14:16:31.219737+0100 0xc01342 Default 0x0 86459 0 wifianalyticsd: [com.apple.wifi.analytics:Default] -[DPSQuickRecoveryRecommendationEngine recommendSymptomsDpsRecovery:symptomsDnsStats:awdlState:currentSymptomsCondition:isLANPingSuccessful:appUsage:averageCCA:]::1023:PeerDiagnostics: Recommendation for DNS Symptoms Recovery: Reassoc Do you guys have any idea where can I see that DNS symptoms? I can also see some reading like: 2025-02-04 14:16:31.219169+0100 0xc01342 Default 0x0 86459 0 wifianalyticsd: [com.apple.wifi.analytics:Default] -[WAEngine gatherConsecutiveDatapathReadings:forProcessToken:andReply:]_block_invoke::4235:DNS Symptoms pre-decision check:: Associated:YES Primary:YES isCaptive:NO isValidDnsConfig:YES 2025-02-04 14:16:31.219169+0100 0xc01342 Default 0x0 86459 0 wifianalyticsd: [com.apple.wifi.analytics:Default] -[WAEngine gatherConsecutiveDatapathReadings:forProcessToken:andReply:]_block_invoke::4238:SDNS: WiFi Not Primary - setting suppressedReason kSymptomsDnsWiFiInterfaceNotPrimary WiFi Not Primary - how if this is my only interface? - I removed all other Killing and disabling wifianalyticsd does not help - the process is being spawned by launchd on airportd request: 2025-02-04 08:54:11.903825+0100 0xb85274 Default 0x0 627 0 airportd: (WiFiAnalytics) [com.apple.wifi.analytics:Default] -[WAClient _establishDaemonConnection]_block_invoke::1057:XPC: establishing connection to daemon with token ending in: <private>... 2025-02-04 08:54:11.907779+0100 0xb8504a Default 0x0 627 0 airportd: (IO80211) [com.apple.WiFiManager:] Info: <airport[627]> -[dpsManager submitDpsSymptom:isCriticalApp:]_block_invoke: 2025-02-04 08:54:11.907943+0100 0xb8504a Default 0x0 627 0 airportd: (IO80211) -[dpsManager submitDpsSymptom:isCriticalApp:]_block_invoke: Error preparing DPSNotification for submission: Error Domain=com.apple.wifi.analytics.errordomain Code=9014 "WAErrorCodeDaemonContactTimeout" UserInfo={NSLocalizedFailureReason=WAErrorCodeDaemonContactTimeout}, or null WAMessageAWD 2025-02-04 08:54:11.908055+0100 0xb8504a Default 0x0 627 0 airportd: (IO80211) [com.apple.WiFiManager:] <airport[627]> -[dpsManager submitDpsSymptom:isCriticalApp:]_block_invoke: Error preparing DPSNotification for submission: Error Domain=com.apple.wifi.analytics.errordomain Code=9014 "WAErrorCodeDaemonContactTimeout" UserInfo={NSLocalizedFailureReason=WAErrorCodeDaemonContactTimeout}, or null WAMessageAWD 2025-02-04 08:54:11.910453+0100 0xb85274 Default 0x0 627 0 airportd: (libxpc.dylib) [com.apple.xpc:connection] [0x80fe64640] activating connection: mach=true listener=false peer=false name=com.apple.wifianalyticsd 2025-02-04 08:54:11.911105+0100 0xb85382 Default 0x0 1 0 launchd: [system/com.apple.wifianalyticsd:] internal event: WILL_SPAWN, code = 0 2025-02-04 08:54:11.911229+0100 0xb85382 Default 0x0 1 0 launchd: [system/com.apple.wifianalyticsd:] service state: spawn scheduled 2025-02-04 08:54:11.911233+0100 0xb85382 Default 0x0 1 0 launchd: [system/com.apple.wifianalyticsd:] service state: spawning 2025-02-04 08:54:11.911384+0100 0xb85382 Default 0x0 1 0 launchd: [system/com.apple.wifianalyticsd:] launching: ipc (mach) 2025-02-04 08:54:11.920272+0100 0xb85382 Default 0x0 1 0 launchd: [system/com.apple.wifianalyticsd [86459]:] xpcproxy spawned with pid 86459 Do you guys have any idea what is the cause of this behaviour? Or how to disable wifianalyticsd process for good?

For our outdoor power supply company that builds public WiFi networks at camping sites, we want to implement the following features in our app: Scan surrounding WiFi networks When detecting specific public WiFi SSIDs, provide users with corresponding passwords Automatically connect to those WiFi networks Regarding the NEHotspotHelper API permission application, when I clicked on https://developer.apple.com/contact/request/network-extension, it redirected me to https://developer.apple.com/unauthorized/. I'm not sure where to properly apply for this permission now.

iOS 26 NWPathMonitor dont handle any updates - always all good.

I was wondering which is the preferred way to send a lot of data from sensors of the apple watch to server. It is preferred to send small chucks to iphone and then to server or directly send bulk data to server from watch. How does it affect battery and resources from watch ? Are there any triggers that I can use to ensure best data stream. I need to send at least once a day. Can I do it in background or do I need the user to have my app in the foreground ? Thank you in advance

Hi everyone, I'm building a health-focused iOS and watchOS app that uses WatchConnectivity to sync real-time heart rate and core body temperature data from iPhone to Apple Watch. While the HealthKit integration works correctly on the iPhone side, I'm facing persistent issues with WatchConnectivity — the data either doesn't arrive on the Watch, or session(_:didReceiveMessage:) never gets triggered. Here's the setup: On iPhone: Using WCSession.default.sendMessage(_:replyHandler:errorHandler:) to send real-time values every few seconds. On Apple Watch: Implemented WCSessionDelegate, and session(_:didReceiveMessage:) is supposed to update the UI. Both apps have WCSession.isSupported() checks, activate the session, and assign delegates correctly. The session state shows isPaired = true and isWatchAppInstalled = true. Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are on, both devices are unlocked and nearby. Despite all this, the Watch never receives messages in real-time. Sometimes, data comes through in bulk much later or not at all. I've double-checked Info.plist configurations and made sure background modes include "Uses Bluetooth LE accessories" and "Background fetch" where appropriate. I would really appreciate guidance on: Best practices for reliable, low-latency message delivery with WatchConnectivity. Debugging steps or sample code to validate message transmission and reception. Any pitfalls related to UI updates from the delegate method. Happy to share further details. Thanks in advance!

I'm looking for help with a network extension filtering issue. Specifically, we have a subclass of NEFilterDataProvider that is used to filter flows based upon a set of rules, including source IP and destination IP. We've run into an issue where the source IP is frequently 0.0.0.0 (or the IPv6 equivalent) on outgoing flows. This has made it so rules based upon source IP don't work. This is also an issue as we report these connections, but we're lacking critical data. We were able to work around the issue somewhat by keeping a list of flows that we allow that we periodically check to see if the source IP is available, and then report after it becomes available. We also considered doing a "peekBytes" to allow a bit of data to flow and then recheck the flow, but we don't want to allow data leakage on connections that should be blocked because of the source IP. Is there a way to force the operating system or network extension frameworks to determine the source IP for an outbound flow without allowing any bytes to flow to the network? STEPS TO REPRODUCE Create a network filtering extension for filtering flows using NEFilterDataProvider See that when handleNewFlow: is called, the outgoing flow lacks the source IP (is 0.0.0.0) in most cases There is this post that is discussing a similar question, though for a slightly different reason. I imagine the answer to this and the other post will be related, at least as far as NEFilterDataProvider:handleNewFlow not having source IP is considered. Thanks!

I have a question regarding /etc/pf.conf. If I use this rule, rdr pass on bridge100 inet proto tcp from 192.168.2.104 to any port {80, 443, 8883} -> 127.0.0.1 port 8080 all other traffic on bridge100 will not function properly, even the traffic that is not destined for 192.168.2.104. Additionally, the hotspot generated through bridge100 will also become unavailable. Even if I comment out this rule and run sudo pfctl -e -f /etc/pf.conf, the problem still persists. The situation will only return to normal when I restart my Mac. my macos:15.3.2 my /etc/pf.conf # scrub-anchor "com.apple/*" nat-anchor "com.apple/*" rdr-anchor "com.apple/*" rdr pass on bridge100 inet proto tcp from 192.168.2.104 to any port {80, 443, 8883} -> 127.0.0.1 port 8080 dummynet-anchor "com.apple/*" anchor "com.apple/*" load anchor "com.apple" from "/etc/pf.anchors/com.apple"

Hello, I have been implementing NEAppPushProvider class to establish my own protocol to directly communicate with our provider server without the need to rely on APNs for background push notifications. I am at a stage where I am able to establish a tcp communicator and receive messages back and forth but I noticed that when I disconnect from the WIFI I've set up by setting a given SSID, I am not getting hit on the Stop method. Below is briefly how I load and save preferences. NEAppPushManager appPushManager = new NEAppPushManager(); appPushManager.LoadFromPreferences((error) =&gt; { if (error != null) { Console.WriteLine($"Error loading NEAppPushManager preferences: {error.LocalizedDescription}"); return; } if (!enable) { Console.WriteLine("Disabling Local Push Provider..."); appPushManager.Enabled = false; // ✅ Immediately update UserDefaults before saving preferences userDefaults.SetBool(false, Constants.IsLocalPushEnabled); userDefaults.Synchronize(); appPushManager.SaveToPreferences((saveError) =&gt; { if (saveError != null) { Console.WriteLine($"Error disabling Local Push: {saveError.LocalizedDescription}"); } else { Console.WriteLine("Local Push successfully disabled."); } }); return; } // ✅ Now we can safely enable Local Push Console.WriteLine($"Enabling Local Push for SSID: {_currentSSID}"); appPushManager.MatchSsids = new string[] { _currentSSID }; appPushManager.LocalizedDescription = "LocalPushProvider"; appPushManager.ProviderBundleIdentifier = Constants.LocalPushExtensionBundleId; appPushManager.Enabled = true; appPushManager.SaveToPreferences((saveError) =&gt; { if (saveError != null) { Console.WriteLine($"Error saving Local Push settings: {saveError.LocalizedDescription}"); } else { Console.WriteLine("✅ Local Push successfully registered."); userDefaults.SetBool(true, Constants.IsLocalPushEnabled); userDefaults.Synchronize(); } }); }); I've read through documentation and was expecting the Stop method to be hit when I turn off Wifi. Am I missing anything? Please let me know if I should provide more info. Currently I just have a console writeline method inside the Stop method to see if it actually gets hit.

I am currently developing a custom-protocol VPN application for iOS using PacketTunnelProvider. I have also integrated an HTTP proxy service, which is launched via a dylib. The overall flow is as follows: App -> VPN TUN -> Local HTTP Proxy -> External Network I have a question: I am capturing all traffic, and normally, requests sent out by the HTTP proxy are also captured again by the VPN. However, when I send requests using createUdpSession in my code, they are not being captured by the virtual interface (TUN). What could be the reason for this? override func startTunnel(options: [String : NSObject]?, completionHandler: @escaping (Error?) -> Void) { let tunnelNetworkSettings = NEPacketTunnelNetworkSettings(tunnelRemoteAddress: "192.168.18.0") tunnelNetworkSettings.mtu=1400 let ipv4Settings = NEIPv4Settings(addresses: ["192.169.10.10"], subnetMasks: ["255.255.255.0"]) ipv4Settings.includedRoutes=[NEIPv4Route.default()] ipv4Settings.excludedRoutes = [NEIPv4Route(destinationAddress: "10.0.0.0", subnetMask: "255.0.0.0"), NEIPv4Route(destinationAddress: "172.16.0.0", subnetMask: "255.240.0.0"), NEIPv4Route(destinationAddress: "192.168.0.0", subnetMask: "255.255.0.0"), NEIPv4Route(destinationAddress:"127.0.0.0", subnetMask: "255.0.0.0"), ] tunnelNetworkSettings.ipv4Settings = ipv4Settings // Configure proxy settings let proxySettings = NEProxySettings() proxySettings.httpEnabled = true proxySettings.httpServer = NEProxyServer(address: "127.0.0.1", port: 7890) proxySettings.httpsEnabled = true proxySettings.httpsServer = NEProxyServer(address: "127.0.0.1", port: 7890) proxySettings.excludeSimpleHostnames = true proxySettings.exceptionList=["localhost","127.0.0.1"] tunnelNetworkSettings.proxySettings = proxySettings setTunnelNetworkSettings(tunnelNetworkSettings) { [weak self] error in if error != nil { completionHandler(error) return } completionHandler(nil) let stack = TUNInterface(packetFlow: self!.packetFlow) RawScoketFactory.TunnelProvider=self stack.register(stack: UDPDirectStack()) stack.register(stack: TCPDirectStack()) stack.start() } } NWUdpSession.swift // // NWUDPSocket.swift // supervpn // // Created by TobbyQuinn on 2025/2/3. // import Foundation import NetworkExtension import CocoaLumberjack public protocol NWUDPSocketDelegate: AnyObject{ func didReceive(data:Data,from:NWUDPSocket) func didCancel(socket:NWUDPSocket) } public class NWUDPSocket:NSObject{ private let session:NWUDPSession private let timeout:Int private var pendingWriteData: [Data] = [] private var writing = false private let queue:DispatchQueue=QueueFactory.getQueue() public weak var delegate:NWUDPSocketDelegate? public init?(host:String,port:UInt16,timeout:Int=Opt.UDPSocketActiveTimeout){ guard let udpSession = RawScoketFactory.TunnelProvider?.createUDPSession(to: NWHostEndpoint(hostname: host, port: "\(port)"), from: nil) else{ return nil } session = udpSession self.timeout=timeout super.init() session.addObserver(self, forKeyPath: #keyPath(NWUDPSession.state),options: [.new], context: nil) session.setReadHandler({ dataArray, error in self.queueCall{ guard error == nil, let dataArray = dataArray else { print("Error when reading from remote server or connection reset") return } for data in dataArray{ self.delegate?.didReceive(data: data, from: self) } } }, maxDatagrams: 32) } /** Send data to remote. - parameter data: The data to send. */ public func write(data: Data) { pendingWriteData.append(data) checkWrite() } public func disconnect() { session.cancel() } public override func observeValue(forKeyPath keyPath: String?, of object: Any?, change: [NSKeyValueChangeKey : Any]?, context: UnsafeMutableRawPointer?) { guard keyPath == "state" else { return } switch session.state { case .cancelled: queueCall { self.delegate?.didCancel(socket: self) } case .ready: checkWrite() default: break } } private func checkWrite() { guard session.state == .ready else { return } guard !writing else { return } guard pendingWriteData.count > 0 else { return } writing = true session.writeMultipleDatagrams(self.pendingWriteData) {_ in self.queueCall { self.writing = false self.checkWrite() } } self.pendingWriteData.removeAll(keepingCapacity: true) } private func queueCall(block:@escaping ()->Void){ queue.async { block() } } deinit{ session.removeObserver(self, forKeyPath: #keyPath(NWUDPSession.state)) } }

I'm building an app that helps manage my own wifi access points. Now, all my wifis emit SSIDs starting with the same prefix. Is it possible for me to list down all the SSIDs near me that start with that prefix, so that determine which of my wifis are near me? (Swift) Can NEHotspotHelper or NEHotspotConfigurationManager help in this regard?

Hello, We have a SwiftUI-based application that runs as a LaunchAgent and communicates with other internal components using Unix domain sockets (UDS). On Sequoia (macOS virtualized environment), when installing the app, we encounter the Local Network Privacy Alert, asking: "Allow [AppName] to find and connect to devices on the local network?" We are not using any actual network communication — only interprocess communication via UDS. Is there a way to prevent this system prompt, either through MDM configuration or by adjusting our socket-related implementation? Here's a brief look at our Swift/NIO usage: class ClientHandler: ChannelInboundHandler { ... public func channelRead(context: ChannelHandlerContext, data: NIOAny) { ... } ... } // init bootstrap. var bootstrap: ClientBootstrap { return ClientBootstrap(group: group) // Also tried to remove the .so_reuseaddr, the prompt was still there. .channelOption(ChannelOptions.socketOption(.so_reuseaddr), value: 1) .channelInitializer { channel in // Add ChannelInboundHandler reader. channel.pipeline.addHandler(ClientHandler()) } } // connect to the UDS. self.bootstrap.connect(unixDomainSocketPath: self.path).whenSuccess { (channel) in .. self.channel = channel } ... ... // Send some data. self.channel?.writeAndFlush(buffer).wait() Any guidance would be greatly appreciated.