A is there a way to get big huge notitifications for Shareplay invitations ?
B can i have the notifications inside the app ?
we have a corporate app to check archtecture projects
we want to share these 3d spaces walking inside with near users in the same place to discuss about the project
.. but it takes too long
shareplay invitation is a small circle on top, if the others users just put the vision without configuring eyes and hands... it's gonna be impossible
thanks for sharing and giving us support
Vision
RSS for tagApply computer vision algorithms to perform a variety of tasks on input images and video using Vision.
Posts under Vision tag
80 Posts
Selecting any option will automatically load the page
Post
Replies
Boosts
Views
Activity
Hi,
I'm trying to use the new RecognizeDocumentsRequest from the Vision Framework to read a receipt. It looks very promising by being able to read paragraphs, lines and detect data. So far it unfortunately seems to read every line on the receipt as a paragraph and when there is more space on one line it creates two paragraphs.
Is there perhaps an Apple Engineer who knows if this is expected behaviour or if I should file a Feedback for this?
Code setup:
let request = RecognizeDocumentsRequest()
let observations = try await request.perform(on: image)
guard let document = observations.first?.document else {
return
}
for paragraph in document.paragraphs {
print(paragraph.transcript)
for data in paragraph.detectedData {
switch data.match.details {
case .phoneNumber(let data):
print("Phone: \(data)")
case .postalAddress(let data):
print("Postal: \(data)")
case .calendarEvent(let data):
print("Calendar: \(data)")
case .moneyAmount(let data):
print("Money: \(data)")
case .measurement(let data):
print("Measurement: \(data)")
default:
continue
}
}
}
See attached image as an example of a receipt I'd like to parse. The top 3 lines are the name, street, and postal code + city. These are all separate paragraphs. Checking on detectedData does see the street (2nd line) as PostalAddress, but not the complete address. Might that be a location thing since it's a Dutch address.
And lower on the receipt it sees the block with "Pomp 1 95 Ongelood" and the things below also as separate paragraphs. First picking up the left side and after that the right side. So it's something like this:
*
Pomp 1
Volume
Prijs
€
TOTAAL
*
BTW
Netto
21.00 %
95 Ongelood
41,90 l
1.949/ 1
81.66
€
14.17
67.49
Is the face and body detection service in the Vision framework a local model or a cloud model?
https://developer.apple.com/documentation/vision
Hello,
Does anyone have a recipe on how to raycast VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D points obtained from a frame's capturedImage?
More specifically, how to construct the "from" parameter of the frame's raycastQuery from a VNFaceLandmarkRegion2D point?
Do the points need to be flipped vertically? Is there any other transformation that needs to be performed on the points prior to passing them to raycastQuery?
Hi all, I am interested in unlocking unique applications with the new foundational models. I have a few questions regarding the availability of the following features:
Image Input: The update in June 2025 mentions "image" 44 times (https://machinelearning.apple.com/research/apple-foundation-models-2025-updates) - however I can't seem to find any information about having images as the input/prompt for the foundational models. When will this be available? I understand that there are existing Vision ML APIs, but I want image input into a multimodal on-device LLM (VLM) instead for features like "Which player is holding the ball in the image", etc (image understanding)
Cloud Foundational Model - when will this be available?
Thanks!
Clement :)
Topic:
Machine Learning & AI
SubTopic:
Foundation Models
Tags:
Vision
Machine Learning
Core ML
Apple Intelligence
Is the face and body detection service in the Vision framework a local model or a cloud model? Is there a performance report?
https://developer.apple.com/documentation/vision
Hi there,
I have a custom keypoint detection model and want to use it via vision's CoremlRequest API. Here's some complication for input and output:
For input My model expect 512x512 a image. Which would be resized and padded from a 1920x1080 frame. I use the .scaleToFit option, but can I also specify the color used for padding?
For output:
My model output a CoreMLFeatureValueObservation, can I have it output in a format vision recognizes? such as joints/keypoints
If my model is able to output in a format vision recognizes, would it take care to restoring the coordinates back to the original frame? (undo the padding) If not, how do I restore it from .scaletofit option?
Best,
I’m developing an iOS app, and I’ve noticed that when the user enables Accessibility → Display & Text Size → Color Filters → Grayscale, my app icon loses a lot of visual contrast. The original colored version looks fine, but in grayscale it appears “flat” and harder to distinguish, unlike a pure black-and-white design.
What I want to achieve:
Ensure the app icon remains visually clear and high-contrast even when iOS renders it in grayscale.
Ideally, provide an alternate “high-contrast” app icon version when grayscale mode is enabled.
What I’ve tried:
Increased color contrast in the original icon design.
Added outlines and stronger shapes.
Tested with grayscale filters in design tools.
Researched Asset Catalog and alternate icons, but found no documented API to detect or respond to grayscale mode.
Questions:
Is there any API in iOS that allows detecting when the system is in grayscale mode so that I can programmatically switch to an alternate app icon?
If not, are there Apple-recommended best practices for designing app icons that still look clear in grayscale?
Are there any accessibility guidelines specifically addressing icon design for grayscale or color-blind modes?
Additional info:
iOS version tested: iOS 17.5
Development in Swift + SwiftUI, using Asset Catalog for icons.
I am aware that iOS supports alternate icons via setAlternateIconName, but I haven’t found a trigger for grayscale mode.
How to obtain the physical memory size of VisionPro and how much memory is currently available
Following WWDC24 video "Discover Swift enhancements in the Vision framework" recommendations (cfr video at 10'41"), I used the following code to perform multiple new iOS 18 `RecognizedTextRequest' in parallel.
Problem: if more than 2 request are run in parallel, the request will hang, leaving the app in a state where no more requests can be started. -> deadlock
I tried other ways to run the requests, but no matter the method employed, or what device I use: no more than 2 requests can ever be run in parallel.
func triggerDeadlock() {}
try await withThrowingTaskGroup(of: Void.self) { group in
// See: WWDC 2024 Discover Siwft enhancements in the Vision framework at 10:41
// ############## THIS IS KEY
let maxOCRTasks = 5 // On a real-device, if more than 2 RecognizeTextRequest are launched in parallel using tasks, the request hangs
// ############## THIS IS KEY
for idx in 0..<maxOCRTasks {
let url = ... // URL to some image
group.addTask {
// Perform OCR
let _ = await performOCRRequest(on: url: url)
}
}
var nextIndex = maxOCRTasks
for try await _ in group { // Wait for the result of the next child task that finished
if nextIndex < pageCount {
group.addTask {
let url = ... // URL to some image
// Perform OCR
let _ = await performOCRRequest(on: url: url)
}
nextIndex += 1
}
}
}
}
// MARK: - ASYNC/AWAIT version with iOS 18
@available(iOS 18, *)
func performOCRRequest(on url: URL) async throws -> [RecognizedText] {
// Create request
var request = RecognizeTextRequest() // Single request: no need for ImageRequestHandler
// Configure request
request.recognitionLevel = .accurate
request.automaticallyDetectsLanguage = true
request.usesLanguageCorrection = true
request.minimumTextHeightFraction = 0.016
// Perform request
let textObservations: [RecognizedTextObservation] = try await request.perform(on: url)
// Convert [RecognizedTextObservation] to [RecognizedText]
return textObservations.compactMap { observation in
observation.topCandidates(1).first
}
}
I also found this Swift forums post mentioning something very similar.
I also opened a feedback: FB17240843
Hey Devs,
I'm trying to create my own Real Time Text detection like this Apple project. https://developer.apple.com/documentation/vision/extracting-phone-numbers-from-text-in-images
I want to use the new iOS18 RecognizeTextRequest instead of the old VNRecognizeTextRequest in my SwiftUI project.
This is my delegate code with the camera setup. I removed region of interest for debugging but I'm trying to scan English words in books. The idea is to get one word in the ROI in the future. But I can't even get proper words so testing without ROI incase my math is wrong.
@Observable
class CameraManager: NSObject, AVCapturePhotoCaptureDelegate
...
override init() {
super.init()
setUpVisionRequest()
}
private func setUpVisionRequest() {
textRequest = RecognizeTextRequest(.revision3)
}
...
func setup() -> Bool {
captureSession.beginConfiguration()
guard
let captureDevice = AVCaptureDevice.default(
.builtInWideAngleCamera, for: .video, position: .back)
else {
return false
}
self.captureDevice = captureDevice
guard let deviceInput = try? AVCaptureDeviceInput(device: captureDevice)
else {
return false
}
/// Check whether the session can add input.
guard captureSession.canAddInput(deviceInput) else {
print("Unable to add device input to the capture session.")
return false
}
/// Add the input and output to session
captureSession.addInput(deviceInput)
/// Configure the video data output
videoDataOutput.setSampleBufferDelegate(
self, queue: videoDataOutputQueue)
if captureSession.canAddOutput(videoDataOutput) {
captureSession.addOutput(videoDataOutput)
videoDataOutput.connection(with: .video)?
.preferredVideoStabilizationMode = .off
} else {
return false
}
// Set zoom and autofocus to help focus on very small text
do {
try captureDevice.lockForConfiguration()
captureDevice.videoZoomFactor = 2
captureDevice.autoFocusRangeRestriction = .near
captureDevice.unlockForConfiguration()
} catch {
print("Could not set zoom level due to error: \(error)")
return false
}
captureSession.commitConfiguration()
// potential issue with background vs dispatchqueue ??
Task(priority: .background) {
captureSession.startRunning()
}
return true
}
}
// Issue here ???
extension CameraManager: AVCaptureVideoDataOutputSampleBufferDelegate {
func captureOutput(
_ output: AVCaptureOutput, didOutput sampleBuffer: CMSampleBuffer,
from connection: AVCaptureConnection
) {
guard let pixelBuffer = CMSampleBufferGetImageBuffer(sampleBuffer) else { return }
Task {
textRequest.recognitionLevel = .fast
textRequest.recognitionLanguages = [Locale.Language(identifier: "en-US")]
do {
let observations = try await textRequest.perform(on: pixelBuffer)
for observation in observations {
let recognizedText = observation.topCandidates(1).first
print("recognized text \(recognizedText)")
}
} catch {
print("Recognition error: \(error.localizedDescription)")
}
}
}
}
The results I get look like this ( full page of English from a any book)
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: e bnUI W4, confidence: 0.5))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: ?'U, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: traQt4, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: li, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: 15,1,#, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: jllÈ, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: vtrll, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: 5,1,: 11, confidence: 0.5))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: 1141, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: jllll ljiiilij41, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: 2f4, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: ktril, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: ¥LLI, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: 11[Itl,, confidence: 0.3))
recognized text Optional(RecognizedText(string: 'rtlÈ131, confidence: 0.3))
Even with ROI set to a specific rectangle Normalized to Vision, I get the same results with single characters returning gibberish.
Any help would be amazing thank you.
Am I using the buffer right ?
Am I using the new perform(on: CVPixelBuffer) right ?
Maybe I didn't set up my camera properly? I can provide code
Hello,
We have been encountering a persistent crash in our application, which is deployed exclusively on iPad devices. The crash occurs in the following code block:
let requestHandler = ImageRequestHandler(paddedImage)
var request = CoreMLRequest(model: model)
request.cropAndScaleAction = .scaleToFit
let results = try await requestHandler.perform(request)
The client using this code is wrapped inside an actor, following Swift concurrency principles.
The issue has been consistently reproduced across multiple iPadOS versions, including:
iPad OS - 18.4.0
iPad OS - 18.4.1
iPad OS - 18.5.0
This is the crash log -
Crashed: com.apple.VN.detectorSyncTasksQueue.VNCoreMLTransformer
0 libobjc.A.dylib 0x7b98 objc_retain + 16
1 libobjc.A.dylib 0x7b98 objc_retain_x0 + 16
2 libobjc.A.dylib 0xbf18 objc_getProperty + 100
3 Vision 0x326300 -[VNCoreMLModel predictWithCVPixelBuffer:options:error:] + 148
4 Vision 0x3273b0 -[VNCoreMLTransformer processRegionOfInterest:croppedPixelBuffer:options:qosClass:warningRecorder:error:progressHandler:] + 748
5 Vision 0x2ccdcc __119-[VNDetector internalProcessUsingQualityOfServiceClass:options:regionOfInterest:warningRecorder:error:progressHandler:]_block_invoke_5 + 132
6 Vision 0x14600 VNExecuteBlock + 80
7 Vision 0x14580 __76+[VNDetector runSuccessReportingBlockSynchronously:detector:qosClass:error:]_block_invoke + 56
8 libdispatch.dylib 0x6c98 _dispatch_block_sync_invoke + 240
9 libdispatch.dylib 0x1b584 _dispatch_client_callout + 16
10 libdispatch.dylib 0x11728 _dispatch_lane_barrier_sync_invoke_and_complete + 56
11 libdispatch.dylib 0x7fac _dispatch_sync_block_with_privdata + 452
12 Vision 0x14110 -[VNControlledCapacityTasksQueue dispatchSyncByPreservingQueueCapacity:] + 60
13 Vision 0x13ffc +[VNDetector runSuccessReportingBlockSynchronously:detector:qosClass:error:] + 324
14 Vision 0x2ccc80 __119-[VNDetector internalProcessUsingQualityOfServiceClass:options:regionOfInterest:warningRecorder:error:progressHandler:]_block_invoke_4 + 336
15 Vision 0x14600 VNExecuteBlock + 80
16 Vision 0x2cc98c __119-[VNDetector internalProcessUsingQualityOfServiceClass:options:regionOfInterest:warningRecorder:error:progressHandler:]_block_invoke_3 + 256
17 libdispatch.dylib 0x1b584 _dispatch_client_callout + 16
18 libdispatch.dylib 0x6ab0 _dispatch_block_invoke_direct + 284
19 Vision 0x2cc454 -[VNDetector internalProcessUsingQualityOfServiceClass:options:regionOfInterest:warningRecorder:error:progressHandler:] + 632
20 Vision 0x2cd14c __111-[VNDetector processUsingQualityOfServiceClass:options:regionOfInterest:warningRecorder:error:progressHandler:]_block_invoke + 124
21 Vision 0x14600 VNExecuteBlock + 80
22 Vision 0x2ccfbc -[VNDetector processUsingQualityOfServiceClass:options:regionOfInterest:warningRecorder:error:progressHandler:] + 340
23 Vision 0x125410 __swift_memcpy112_8 + 4852
24 libswift_Concurrency.dylib 0x5c134 swift::runJobInEstablishedExecutorContext(swift::Job*) + 292
25 libswift_Concurrency.dylib 0x5d5c8 swift_job_runImpl(swift::Job*, swift::SerialExecutorRef) + 156
26 libdispatch.dylib 0x13db0 _dispatch_root_queue_drain + 364
27 libdispatch.dylib 0x1454c _dispatch_worker_thread2 + 156
28 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0x9d0 _pthread_wqthread + 232
29 libsystem_pthread.dylib 0xaac start_wqthread + 8
We found an issue similar to us - https://developer.apple.com/forums/thread/770771.
But the crash logs are quite different, we believe this warrants further investigation to better understand the root cause and potential mitigation strategies.
Please let us know if any additional information would help diagnose this issue.
I have a question. In China, long pressing a picture in the album can segment the target. Is this model a local model? Is there any information? Can developers use it?
Hi all,
I'm capturing a photo using AVCapturePhotoOutput, and I've set:
let photoSettings = AVCapturePhotoSettings()
photoSettings.isDepthDataDeliveryEnabled = true
Then I create the handler like this:
let data = photo.fileDataRepresentation()
let handler = try ImageRequestHandler(data: data, orientation: .right)
Now I’m wondering:
If depth data delivery is enabled, is it actually included and used when I pass the Data to ImageRequestHandler?
Or do I need to explicitly pass the depth data using the other initializer?
let handler = try ImageRequestHandler(
cvPixelBuffer: photo.pixelBuffer!,
depthData: photo.depthData,
orientation: .right
)
In short:
Does ImageRequestHandler(data:) make use of embedded depth info from AVCapturePhoto.fileDataRepresentation() — or is the pixel buffer + explicit depth data required?
Thanks for any clarification!
Hello,
I've been dealing with a puzzling issue for some time now, and I’m hoping someone here might have insights or suggestions.
The Problem:
We’re observing an occasional crash in our app that seems to originate from the Vision framework.
Frequency: It happens randomly, after many successful executions of the same code, hard to tell how long the app was working, but in some cases app could run for like a month without any issues.
Devices: The issue doesn't seem device-dependent (we’ve seen it on various iPad models).
OS Versions: The crashes started occurring with iOS 18.0.1 and are still present in 18.1 and 18.1.1.
What I suspected: The crash logs point to a potential data race within the Vision framework.
The relevant section of the code where the crash happens:
guard let cgImage = image.cgImage else {
throw ...
}
let request = VNCoreMLRequest(model: visionModel)
try VNImageRequestHandler(cgImage: cgImage).perform([request]) // <- the line causing the crash
Since the code is rather simple, I'm not sure what else there could be missing here.
The images sent here are uniform (fixed size).
Model is loaded and working, the crash occurs random after a period of time and the call worked correctly many times. Also, the model variable is not an optional.
Here is the crash log:
libobjc.A objc_exception_throw
CoreFoundation -[NSMutableArray removeObjectsAtIndexes:]
Vision -[VNWeakTypeWrapperCollection _enumerateObjectsDroppingWeakZeroedObjects:usingBlock:]
Vision -[VNWeakTypeWrapperCollection addObject:droppingWeakZeroedObjects:]
Vision -[VNSession initWithCachingBehavior:]
Vision -[VNCoreMLTransformer initWithOptions:model:error:]
Vision -[VNCoreMLRequest internalPerformRevision:inContext:error:]
Vision -[VNRequest performInContext:error:]
Vision -[VNRequestPerformer _performOrderedRequests:inContext:error:]
Vision -[VNRequestPerformer _performRequests:onBehalfOfRequest:inContext:error:]
Vision -[VNImageRequestHandler performRequests:gatheredForensics:error:]
OurApp ModelWrapper.perform
And I'm a bit lost at this point, I've tried everything I could image so far.
I've tried to putting a symbolic breakpoint in the removeObjectsAtIndexes to check if some library (e.g. crash reporter) we use didn't do some implementation swap. There was none, and if anything did some method swizzling, I'd expect that to show in the stack trace before the original code would be called. I did peek into the previous functions and I've noticed a lock used in one of the Vision methods, so in my understanding any data race in this code shouldn't be possible at all. I've also put breakpoints in the NSLock variants, to check for swizzling/override with a category and possibly messing the locking - again, nothing was there.
There is also another model that is running on a separate queue, but after seeing the line with the locking in the debugger, it doesn't seem to me like this could cause a problem, at least not in this specific spot.
Is there something I'm missing here, or something I'm doing wrong?
Thanks in advance for your help!
Before you post —Camera doesn't work on the Simulator— that's no longer true. I've made a solution that makes the Simulator believe there's an actual hardware device connected, allowing users to stream the macOS camera to the iOS Simulator (see for more info RocketSim's documentation: https://docs.rocketsim.app/features/hzQMSrSga7BGWvxdNVdwYs/simulator-camera-support/58tQ5jvevLNSnyUEA7VgAv)
Now, it works for VNDocumentCameraViewController, but when I try opening DataScannerViewController, I directly run into:
Failed to start scanning: The operation couldn’t be completed. (VisionKit.DataScannerViewController.ScanningUnavailable error 0.)
My question:
How does this view controller determine whether scanning is available?
Is there a certain capability the available AVCaptureDevice's need to support maybe?
Any direction would be helpful for me to make this work for developers, making them build apps faster!
Issue:
In iOS 26 (tested on Developer Beta), AVCaptureMetadataOutputObjectsDelegate no longer receives callbacks when using .face detection.
metadataOutput.metadataObjectTypes = [.face]
Hi, I'm developing an application for macos and ios that has to run DetectHumanBodyPose3DRequest model in real time for retrieving the 3d skeleton from the camera.
I'm experiencing a memory leak every time the model is used (when i comment that line, the memory stays constant). After a minute it uses about 1GB of ram running with mac catalyst.
I attached a minimal project that has this problem
Code
Camera View
import SwiftUI
import Combine
import Vision
struct CameraView: View {
@StateObject private var viewModel = CameraViewModel()
var body: some View {
HStack {
ZStack {
GeometryReader { geometry in
if let image = viewModel.currentFrame {
Image(decorative: image, scale: 1)
.resizable()
.scaledToFill()
.frame(width: geometry.size.width,
height: geometry.size.height)
.clipped()
} else {
ProgressView()
}
}
}
}
}
}
class CameraViewModel: ObservableObject {
@Published var currentFrame: CGImage?
@Published var frameRate: Double = 0
@Published var currentVisionBodyPose: HumanBodyPose3DObservation? // Store current body pose
@Published var currentImageSize: CGSize? // Store current image size
private var cameraManager: CameraManager?
private var humanBodyPose = HumanBodyPose3DDetector()
private var lastClassificationTime = Date()
private var frameCount = 0
private var lastFrameTime = Date()
private let classificationThrottleInterval: TimeInterval = 1.0
private var lastPoseSendTime: Date = .distantPast
init() {
cameraManager = CameraManager()
startPreview()
startClassification()
}
private func startPreview() {
Task {
guard let previewStream = cameraManager?.previewStream else { return }
for await frame in previewStream {
let size = CGSize(width: frame.width, height: frame.height)
Task { @MainActor in
self.currentFrame = frame
self.currentImageSize = size
self.updateFrameRate()
}
}
}
}
private func startClassification() {
Task {
guard let classificationStream = cameraManager?.classificationStream else { return }
for await pixelBuffer in classificationStream {
self.classifyFrame(pixelBuffer: pixelBuffer)
}
}
}
private func classifyFrame(pixelBuffer: CVPixelBuffer) {
humanBodyPose.runHumanBodyPose3DRequestOnImage(pixelBuffer: pixelBuffer) { [weak self] observation in
guard let self = self else { return }
DispatchQueue.main.async {
if let observation = observation {
self.currentVisionBodyPose = observation
print(observation)
} else {
self.currentVisionBodyPose = nil
}
}
}
}
private func updateFrameRate() {
frameCount += 1
let now = Date()
let elapsed = now.timeIntervalSince(lastFrameTime)
if elapsed >= 1.0 {
frameRate = Double(frameCount) / elapsed
frameCount = 0
lastFrameTime = now
}
}
}
HumanBodyPose3DDetector
import Foundation
import Vision
class HumanBodyPose3DDetector: NSObject, ObservableObject {
@Published var humanObservation: HumanBodyPose3DObservation? = nil
private let queue = DispatchQueue(label: "humanbodypose.queue")
private let request = DetectHumanBodyPose3DRequest()
private struct SendablePixelBuffer: @unchecked Sendable {
let buffer: CVPixelBuffer
}
public func runHumanBodyPose3DRequestOnImage(pixelBuffer: CVPixelBuffer, completion: @escaping (HumanBodyPose3DObservation?) -> Void) {
let sendableBuffer = SendablePixelBuffer(buffer: pixelBuffer)
queue.async { [weak self] in
Task { [weak self, sendableBuffer] in
do {
guard let self = self else { return }
let result = try await self.request.perform(on: sendableBuffer.buffer)
//process result
DispatchQueue.main.async {
if result.isEmpty {
completion(nil)
} else {
completion(result[0])
}
}
} catch {
DispatchQueue.main.async {
completion(nil)
}
}
}
}
}
}
Apple Vision Pro support issue. The app contains the following UIRequiredDeviceCapabilities values, which aren’t supported in visionOS: [arkit].
When I try and distribute a build to the AppStore in Xcode, it comes up with this message, I have not selected Vision Pro as part of my build, can anyone please help? Thanks!
Topic:
App Store Distribution & Marketing
SubTopic:
App Store Connect
Tags:
Vision
visionOS
iPad and iOS apps on visionOS
How do I test the new RecognizeDocumentRequest API. Reference: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-GCNsXdKzM
I am running Xcode Beta, however I only have one primary device that I cannot install beta software on.
Please provide a strategy for testing. Will simulator work?
The new capability is critical to my application, just what I need for structuring document scans and extraction.
Thank you.